19th century

==Culture==
[[File:Crystal Palace - interior.jpg|thumb|350px|The [[Great Exhibition]] in London. Starting during the 18th century, the United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise.]]
* [[1808]]: [[Beethoven]] composes [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Fifth Symphony]]
* [[1813]]: [[Jane Austen]] publishes ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]''
* [[1818]]: [[Mary Shelley]] publishes ''[[Frankenstein|Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus]]''.
* [[1819]]: [[John Keats]] writes his [[John Keats's 1819 odes|six of his best-known odes]].
* [[1819]]: [[Théodore Géricault]] paints his masterpiece ''[[The Raft of the Medusa]]'', and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the [[The Louvre|Louvre]].
* [[1824]]: Premiere of [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s ''[[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]]''.
* [[1829]]: [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]'s ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' premieres.
* [[1833]]–[[1834]]: [[Thomas Carlyle]] publishes ''[[Sartor Resartus]]''.
* [[1837]]: [[Charles Dickens]] publishes ''[[Oliver Twist]]''.
* [[1841]]: [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] publishes ''[[Self-Reliance]]''.
* [[1845]]: [[Frederick Douglass]] publishes ''[[Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave]]''.
* [[1847]]: The [[Brontë sisters]] publish ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'' and ''[[Agnes Grey]]''.
* [[1848]]: [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] publish ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''.
* [[1849]]: [[Josiah Henson]] publishes ''[[The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself]]''.
* [[1851]]: [[Herman Melville]] publishes ''[[Moby-Dick]]''.
* [[1851]]: [[Sojourner Truth]] delivers the speech "[[Ain't I a Woman?]]".
* [[1852]]: [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] publishes ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''.
* [[1855]]: [[Walt Whitman]] publishes the first edition of ''[[Leaves of Grass]]''.
* [[1855]]: [[Frederick Douglass]] publishes the first edition of ''[[My Bondage and My Freedom]]''.
* [[1862]]: [[Victor Hugo]] publishes ''[[Les Misérables]]''.
* [[1863]]: [[Jules Verne]] begins publishing his collection of stories and novels, ''[[Voyages extraordinaires]]'', with the novel ''[[Cinq semaines en ballon]]''.
* [[1865]]: [[Lewis Carroll]] publishes ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''.
* [[1869]]: [[Leo Tolstoy]] publishes ''[[War and Peace]]''.[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette.jpg|thumb|[[Auguste Renoir]], ''[[Bal du moulin de la Galette]]'', 1876, [[Musée d'Orsay]]]]
* [[1871]]: [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s opera ''[[Aida]]'' in [[Cairo]]
* [[1875]]: [[Georges Bizet]]'s opera ''[[Carmen]]'' premiers in Paris.
* [[1876]]: [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Ring Cycle]]'' is first performed in its entirety.
* [[1883]]: [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[Treasure Island]]'' is published.
* [[1884]]: [[Mark Twain]] publishes the ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]''.
* [[1886]]: ''[[Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
* [[1887]]: [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] publishes his first [[Sherlock Holmes]] story, ''[[A Study in Scarlet]]''.
* [[1889]]: [[Vincent van Gogh]] paints ''[[The Starry Night]]''.
* [[1889]]: [[Moulin Rouge]] opens in Paris.
* [[1892]]: [[Tchaikovsky]]'s ''[[Nutcracker Suite]]'' premières in [[St Petersberg]].
* [[1894]]: [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' is published
* [[1895]]: Trial of [[Oscar Wilde]] and premiere of his play ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]''.
* [[1897]]: [[Bram Stoker]] writes ''[[Dracula]]''.
* [[1900]]: [[L. Frank Baum]] publishes ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''.

[[File:Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg|thumb|upright|Russian writer [[Leo Tolstoy]], author of ''[[War and Peace]]'' and ''[[Anna Karenina]]'']]

===Literature===
{{main|Romantic poetry|19th century in literature}}

On the literary front the new century opens with [[romanticism]], a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.  French arts had been hampered by the [[Napoleonic Wars]] but subsequently developed rapidly. [[Modernism]] began.<ref>David Damrosch and David L. Pike, eds. ''The Longman Anthology of World Literature, Volume E: The Nineteenth Century'' (2nd ed. 2008)</ref>

The Goncourts and [[Émile Zola]] in France and [[Giovanni Verga]] in Italy produce some of the finest [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalist novels]]. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Nikolai Gogol]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Anton Chekhov]] and [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]; the English [[Charles Dickens]], [[John Keats]], [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] and [[Jane Austen]]; the Scottish [[Sir Walter Scott]], [[Thomas Carlyle]] and [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] (creator of the character [[Sherlock Holmes]]); the Irish [[Oscar Wilde]]; the Americans [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], and [[Mark Twain]]; and the French [[Victor Hugo]], [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[Jules Verne]], [[Alexandre Dumas]] and [[Charles Baudelaire]].<ref>M. H. Abrams et al., eds., ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'' (9th ed. 2012)</ref>

Some American literary writers, poets and novelists were: [[Walt Whitman]], [[Mark Twain]], [[Harriet Ann Jacobs]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Frederick Douglass]], [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], [[Joel Chandler Harris]], and [[Emily Dickinson]] to name a few.

===Photography===
[[File:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by [[Nicéphore Niépce]]]]
[[File:Self-portrait of Nadar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], Self-portrait, {{Circa|1860}}]]
{{see also|History of photography|List of photojournalists|Photojournalism|Daguerreotype}}
*[[Ottomar Anschütz]], [[chronophotographer]]
*[[Mathew Brady]], documented the [[American Civil War]]
*[[Edward S. Curtis]], documented the [[American West]] notably [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]
*[[Louis Daguerre]], inventor of [[daguerreotype]] process of photography, chemist
*[[Thomas Eakins]], pioneer motion photographer
*[[George Eastman]], inventor of [[Photographic film|roll film]]
*[[Hércules Florence]], pioneer inventor of photography
*[[Auguste and Louis Lumière]], pioneer film-makers, inventors
*[[Étienne-Jules Marey]], pioneer motion photographer, [[chronophotographer]]
*[[Eadweard Muybridge]], pioneer motion photographer, [[chronophotographer]]
*[[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]] a.k.a. Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, portrait photographer
*[[Nicéphore Niépce]], pioneer inventor of photography
*[[Louis Le Prince]], motion picture inventor and pioneer film-maker
*[[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]],  chemist and photographer
*[[William Fox Talbot]], inventor of the negative / positive photographic process.

===Visual artists, painters, sculptors===
{{main|History of art#Modern Art (ca. 1770-1970)|Western painting|Ukiyo-e}}
[[File:El Tres de Mayo, by Francisco de Goya, from Prado thin black margin.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Francisco Goya]], ''[[The Third of May 1808]]'', 1814, {{Lang|es|[[Museo del Prado]]|italic=no}}]]
[[File:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eugène Delacroix]], ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'', 1830, [[Louvre]]]]
[[File:Vincent van Gogh - National Gallery of Art.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Vincent van Gogh]], ''Self-portrait'', 1889, [[National Gallery of Art]]]]
[[File:Affiche Biscuits Lefèvre-Utile Mucha.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alphonse Mucha]], Advertise with ''Biscuits Lefèvre-Utile'', 1897]]
The [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] and [[Romanticism]] of the early 19th century gave way to [[Impressionism]] and [[Post-Impressionism]] in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the [[Hudson River School]] was prominent. 19th-century painters included:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Ivan Aivazovsky]]
*[[Léon Bakst]]
*[[Albert Bierstadt]]
*[[William Blake]]
*[[Arnold Böcklin]]
*[[Rosa Bonheur]]
*[[William Burges]]
*[[Mary Cassatt]]
*[[Camille Claudel]]
*[[Paul Cézanne]]
*[[Frederic Edwin Church]]
*[[Thomas Cole]]
*[[Jan Matejko]]
*[[John Constable]]
*[[Camille Corot]]
*[[Gustave Courbet]]
*[[Honoré Daumier]]
*[[Edgar Degas]]
*[[Eugène Delacroix]]
*[[Thomas Eakins]]
*[[Caspar David Friedrich]]
*[[Paul Gauguin]]
*[[Théodore Géricault]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[William Morris]]
*[[Francisco Goya]]
*[[Andō Hiroshige]]
*[[Hokusai]]
*[[Winslow Homer]]
*[[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]]
*[[Isaac Levitan]]
*[[Édouard Manet]]
*[[Claude Monet]]
*[[Gustave Moreau]]
*[[Berthe Morisot]]
*[[Edvard Munch]]
*[[Mikhail Nesterov]]
*[[Camille Pissarro]]
*[[Augustus Pugin]]
*[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]
*[[Ilya Repin]]
*[[Auguste Rodin]]
*[[Albert Pinkham Ryder]]
*[[John Singer Sargent]]
*[[Valentin Serov]]
*[[Georges Seurat]]
*[[Ivan Shishkin]]
*[[Vasily Surikov]]
*[[James Tissot]]
*[[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]
*[[J. M. W. Turner|Joseph Mallord William Turner]]
*[[Viktor Vasnetsov]]
*[[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]
*[[Mikhail Vrubel]]
*[[James Abbott McNeill Whistler]]
*[[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]]
{{div col end}}

===Music===
{{main|List of Romantic-era composers|Romantic music|Romanticism}}
[[File:Beethoven.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]]]
[[File:Porträt des Komponisten Pjotr I. Tschaikowski (1840-1893).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]]]
[[Sonata form]] matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the [[Romantic music|Romantic]] style. Many great composers lived through this era such as [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] and [[Richard Wagner]]. The list includes:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Mily Balakirev]]
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
*[[Hector Berlioz]]
*[[Georges Bizet]]
*[[Alexander Borodin]]
*[[Johannes Brahms]]
*[[Anton Bruckner]]
*[[Frédéric Chopin]]
*[[Claude Debussy]]
*[[Antonín Dvořák]]
*[[Mikhail Glinka]]
*[[Edvard Grieg]]
*[[Scott Joplin]]
*[[Alexandre Levy]]
*[[Franz Liszt]]
*[[Gustav Mahler]]
*[[Felix Mendelssohn]]
*[[Modest Mussorgsky]]
*[[Jacques Offenbach]]
*[[Niccolò Paganini]]
*[[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]
*[[Gioachino Rossini]]
*[[Anton Rubinstein]]
*[[Camille Saint-Saëns]]
*[[Antonio Salieri]]
*[[Franz Schubert]]
*[[Robert Schumann]]
*[[Alexander Scriabin]]
*[[Arthur Sullivan]]
*[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]
*[[Giuseppe Verdi]]
*[[Richard Wagner]]
{{div col end}}

===Sports===
* [[1858]]: The [[Melbourne Football Club]] was formed, starting the sport of [[Australian Rules Football]]
* [[1867]]: The [[Marquess of Queensberry Rules]] for [[boxing]] are published.
* [[1872]]: The first recognised international [[Association football|football]] match, between [[England]] and [[Scotland]], is played.
* [[1877]]: The first [[test cricket]] match, between [[England]] and [[Australia]], is played.
* [[1891]]: [[Basketball]] is invented by [[James Naismith]].
* [[1895]]: [[Volleyball]] is invented.
* [[1896]]: [[Olympic Games#Revival|Olympic Games]] revived in [[Athens]].