Texas

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Texas}}
{{US Census population
|1850= 212592
|1860= 604215
|1870= 818579
|1880= 1591749
|1890= 2235527
|1900= 3048710
|1910= 3896542
|1920= 4663228
|1930= 5824715
|1940= 6414824
|1950= 7711194
|1960= 9579677
|1970= 11196730
|1980= 14229191
|1990= 16986510
|2000= 20851820
|2010= 25145561
|2020= 29145505
|estimate= 30503301
|estyear= 2023
|align-fn=center
|footnote=1910–2020<ref name=":10" />
}}
[[File:Texas population map.png|thumb|Texas population density map|left]]

The resident population of Texas was 29,145,505 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], a 15.9% increase since the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 26, 2021|title=Census finds 4 million new Texans, enough for 2 extra US House seats, though we expected more|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2021/04/26/torrid-growth-in-texas-yields-us-house-seats-and-gop-will-control-the-spoils/|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=Dallas News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ura|first=Alexa|date=April 26, 2021|title=Texas will gain two seats in Congress as residents of color drive population gains|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2021/04/26/texas-congress-seats-gain/|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=The Texas Tribune|language=en}}</ref> At the 2020 census, the apportioned population of Texas stood at 29,183,290.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 26, 2021|title=Apportionment Population, Resident Population, and Overseas Population: 2020 Census and 2010 Census|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableA.pdf|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> The 2023 Texas Population Estimate program estimated the population was 30,503,301 on July 1, 2023.<ref name="Texas Demographic Center">{{citation|title=Estimates of the Population by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for July 1, 2015 for State of Texas. Texas Demographic Center, U.S. Bureau of the Census State Data Center Program|date=July 15, 2015|url=http://demographics.texas.gov/Resources/TPEPP/Estimates/2015/2015_ASRE_Estimate_alldata.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504234332/http://demographics.texas.gov/Resources/TPEPP/Estimates/2015/2015_ASRE_Estimate_alldata.pdf|access-date=June 8, 2017|archive-date=May 4, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, Texas had a census population of 25,145,561.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2012 |title=Texas: 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-45.pdf |access-date=October 17, 2020 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Texas is the second-most populous state in the United States after California and the only other U.S. state to surpass a total estimated population of 30 million people as of July 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html | title=2020 Census Apportionment Results }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2022-population-estimates.html | title=Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic }}</ref>

In 2015, Texas had 4.7 million foreign-born residents, about 17% of the population and 21.6% of the state workforce.<ref name="AICTexas">{{cite web |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_texas.pdf |publisher=American Immigration Council|title=Immigrants in Texas|date=2017}}</ref> The major countries of origin for Texan immigrants were Mexico (55.1% of immigrants), India (5%), El Salvador (4.3%), Vietnam (3.7%), and China (2.3%).<ref name="AICTexas" /> Of immigrant residents, 35.8 percent were [[Naturalization|naturalized]] U.S. citizens.<ref name="AICTexas" /> As of 2018, the population increased to 4.9 million foreign-born residents or 17.2% of the state population, up from 2,899,642 in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Demographics Data – TX |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/TX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018031941/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/TX |archive-date=October 18, 2020|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=migrationpolicy.org}}</ref>

In 2014, there were an estimated 1.7 million undocumented immigrants in Texas, making up 35% of the total Texas immigrant population and 6.1% of the total state population.<ref name="AICTexas" /> In addition to the state's foreign-born population, an additional 4.1 million Texans (15% of the state's population) were born in the United States and had at least one immigrant parent.<ref name="AICTexas" />

According to the [[American Community Survey]]'s 2019 estimates, 1,739,000 residents were undocumented immigrants, a decrease of 103,000 since 2014 and increase of 142,000 since 2016. Of the undocumented immigrant population, 951,000 have resided in Texas from less than 5 up to 14 years. An estimated 788,000 lived in Texas from 15 to 19 and 20 years or more.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of the Unauthorized Population – TX|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/state/TX|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018032011/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/state/TX|archive-date=October 18, 2020|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=migrationpolicy.org}}</ref>

Texas's [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)|Rio Grande Valley]] has seen significant migration from across the [[U.S.–Mexico border]]. During the [[2014 American immigration crisis|2014 crisis]], many [[Central America]]ns, including unaccompanied minors traveling alone from [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], and [[El Salvador]], reached the state, overwhelming Border Patrol resources for a time. Many sought [[Right of asylum|asylum]] in the United States.<ref name="latimes-immigration">{{cite news |last1=Hennessy-Fiske |first1=Molly |last2=Carcamo |first2=Cindy |title=In Texas' Rio Grande Valley, a seemingly endless surge of immigrants |url=https://latimes.com/nation/la-na-texas-border-chaos-20140614-story.html#page=1 |date=June 16, 2014 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Nick |last1=Miroff |first2=Joshua |last2=Partlow |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/central-american-migrants-overwhelm-border-patrol-station-in-texas/2014/06/12/7359534e-2e1b-4a6b-b010-f622f1cac3f0_story.html |title=Central American migrants overwhelm Border Patrol station in Texas |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 12, 2014}}</ref>

Texas's population density as of 2010 is {{convert|96.3|/sqmi|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people|abbr=out}} which is slightly higher than the average [[List of countries by population density|population density]] of the U.S. as a whole, at {{convert|87.4|/sqmi|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people|abbr=out}}. In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of {{convert|301.8|/sqmi|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people|abbr=out}}. Of its dense population, two-thirds of all Texans live in major metropolitan areas such as Houston.

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 24,432 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref>

===Race and ethnicity===
[[File:Texas Counties by race (2020 census).svg|thumb|Map of counties in Texas by racial and ethnic plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census {{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

'''Non-Hispanic White'''

{{legend|#f2ccc4|20–30%}}

{{legend|#e6b8af|30–40%}}

{{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}}

{{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}}

{{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}}

{{legend|#85200c|70–80%}}

{{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}}

{{col-2}}

'''[[Hispanics and Latinos in Texas|Hispanic or Latino]]'''

{{legend|#a2c4c9|40–50%}}

{{legend|#76a5af|50–60%}}

{{legend|#45818e|60–70%}}

{{legend|#134f5c|70–80%}}

{{legend|#0c343d|80–90%}}

{{legend|#05262d|90%+}}

{{col-end}}|222x222px]]
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" ; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]
|-
! Race and ethnicity<ref name="2020Census">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US48&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race|website=Census.gov|accessdate=July 5, 2022}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Alone
! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Total
|-
| [[Hispanics and Latinos in Texas|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}}
|align=right| {{bartable}}
|align=right| {{bartable|40.2|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
|align=right| {{bartable|39.7|%|2||background:gray}}
|align=right| {{bartable|39.8|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[African Americans in Texas|African American]]
|align=right| {{bartable|11.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|12.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|5.4|%|2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable|6.1|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Native Americans in Texas|Native American]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:gold}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.4|%|2||background:gold}}
|-
| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:pink}}
|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:pink}}
|-
| Other
|align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:brown}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.0|%|2||background:brown}}
|}

In 2019, [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|non-Hispanic Whites]] represented 41.2% of Texas's population, reflecting a national demographic shift.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jin|first=Alexa Ura and Connie Hanzhang|date=June 20, 2019|title=Texas gained almost nine Hispanic residents for every additional white resident last year |website=The Texas Tribune |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2019/06/20/texas-hispanic-population-pace-surpass-white-residents/ |access-date=October 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 2019|title=The U.S. white majority will soon disappear forever|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/The-US-white-majority-will-soon-disappear-forever-13806738.php|access-date=October 18, 2020 |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |last1=Poston |first1=Dudley }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Aaronson|first=Becca|date=May 17, 2012 |title=On the Records: Texas One of Five "Minority-Majority" States |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2012/05/17/on-the-records-majority-texas-minority-races/|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=The Texas Tribune}}</ref> [[African Americans in Texas|Black people]] made up 12.9%, [[Native Americans in Texas|American Indians and Alaska Natives]] 1.0%, [[Asian Americans]] 5.2%, [[Native Hawaiians]] and other [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islanders]] 0.1%, some other race 0.2%, and [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]] 1.8%. [[Hispanics and Latinos in Texas|Hispanics or Latino Americans]] of any race made up 39.7% of the estimated population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=American Community Survey 2018 Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Texas&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=false |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

At the 2020 census, the racial and ethnic composition of the state was 42.5% [[White Americans|White]] (39.8% non-Hispanic White), 11.8% Black, 5.4% Asian, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 13.6% some other race, 17.6% two or more races, and 40.2% Hispanic and Latino American of any race.<ref name="CensusACS2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/racial-and-ethnic-diversity-in-the-united-states-2010-and-2020-census.html|title=Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|date=August 12, 2021|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2021|title=Booming Texas population growth, demographic changes set stage for redistricting battle|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2021/08/12/north-texas-population-boom-continues-hispanics-outnumber-whites-in-dallas-census-data-show/|access-date=August 19, 2021|website=Dallas News|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, 49% of all births were Hispanics; 35% were non-Hispanic White; 11.5% were non-Hispanic Black, and 4.3% were Asians/Pacific Islanders.<ref>{{cite news |first=Juan |last=Castillo |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/local/hispanics-make-up-nearly-half-of-all-texas-1977207.html |title=Hispanics make up nearly half of all Texas births in 2010, U.S. says |work=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120175944/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/hispanics-make-up-nearly-half-of-all-texas-1977207.html |archive-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Based on U.S. Census Bureau data released in February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas's White population is below 50% (45%) and Hispanics grew to 38%. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population grew by 20.6%, but Hispanics and Latino Americans grew by 65%, whereas non-Hispanic Whites grew by only 4.2%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-02-17-texas-census_N.htm |title=Majority of Texas' population growth is Hispanic |work=USA Today |first=Rick |last=Jervis |date=February 23, 2011}}</ref> Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics or Latinos.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-health-topics/reproductive-health/states/tx.html |title=Texas Adolescent Reproductive Health Facts |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services |access-date=August 2, 2014 |archive-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804102325/http://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-health-topics/reproductive-health/states/tx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last4=Essig |first1=Alexa |last1=Ura |first2=Jason |last2=Kao |first3=Carla |last3=Astudillo |first4=Chris |date=August 12, 2021 |title=People of color make up 95% of Texas' population growth, and cities and suburbs are booming, 2020 census shows |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2021/08/12/texas-2020-census/ |access-date=June 2, 2022 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en}}</ref> As of 2022, Hispanics and Latinos of any race replaced the non-Hispanic White population as the largest share of the state's population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ura |first=Alexa |date=2023-06-22 |title=Hispanics officially make up the biggest share of Texas' population, new census numbers show |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/06/21/census-texas-hispanic-population-demographics/ |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Texas}}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="margin-left:1em; font-size: 90%; display: inline-table"
|+Most common non-English languages
|-
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Population<br /><small>(as of 2010)</small><ref name="MLA Data" />
|-
! scope="row" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| 29.2%
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| 0.8%
|-
! scope="row" |[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| 0.6%
|-
! scope="row" |[[German language|German]]
| 0.3%
|-
! scope="row" |[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| 0.3%
|-
! scope="row" |[[French language|French]]
| 0.3%
|-
! scope="row" |[[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] (tied)
| 0.2%
|-
! scope="row" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| 0.2%
|-
! scope="row" |[[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| 0.2%
|-
! scope="row" |[[Niger-Congo languages]]
| 0.2%
|}

The most common [[accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]] or [[dialect]] spoken by natives throughout Texas is sometimes referred to as [[Texan English]], itself a sub-variety of a broader category of [[American English]] known as [[Southern American English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/texan/ |title=Do You Speak American. Sea to Shining Sea. American Varieties. Texan |publisher=PBS |date=November 29, 2003 |access-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/texan/drawl/ |title=Do You Speak American. Sea to Shining Sea. American Varieties. Texan. Drawl |publisher=PBS |access-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref> [[Creole language]] is spoken in some parts of East Texas.<ref>Kirstin Squint, [http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/375/813 A Linguistic and Cultural Comparison of Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole], postcolonial.org, Accessed March 11, 2014</ref> In some areas of the state—particularly in the large cities—[[Western American English]] and [[General American English]], is increasingly common. [[Chicano English]]—due to a growing Hispanic population—is widespread in South Texas, while [[African-American English]] is especially notable in historically minority areas of urban Texas.

At the 2020 American Community Survey's estimates, 64.9% of the population spoke only English, and 35.1% spoke a language other than English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Community Survey 2020 Languages Spoken at Home Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Texas+languages&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1601 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Roughly 30% of the total population spoke Spanish. By 2021, approximately 50,546 Texans spoke French or a French-creole language. German and other West Germanic languages were spoken by 49,565 residents; Russian, Polish, and other Slavic languages by 37,444; Korean by 31,673; Chinese 86,370; Vietnamese 92,410; Tagalog 40,124; and Arabic by 47,170 Texans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Community Survey 2021 Detailed Household Language Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Texas+languages&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16002 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

At the census of 2010, 65.8% (14,740,304) of Texas residents age{{nbsp}}5 and older spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, while 29.2% (6,543,702) spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 0.8 percent (168,886) [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (which includes [[Cantonese]] and [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]) was spoken by 0.6% (122,921) of the population over five.<ref name="MLA Data" /> Other languages spoken include [[German language|German]] (including [[Texas German]]) by 0.3% (73,137), [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] with 0.3% (64,272) speakers, and [[French language|French]] (including [[Cajun French]]) was spoken by 0.3% (55,773) of Texans.<ref name="MLA Data" /> Reportedly, [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] is the most widely spoken [[Native American language]] in Texas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2014/05/language_map_what_s_the_most_popular_language_in_your_state.html |last=Blatt |first=Ben |title=Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas: What language does your state speak? |website=Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate. |date=May 13, 2014 |access-date=June 2, 2014}}</ref> In total, 34.2% (7,660,406) of Texas's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English as of 2006.<ref name="MLA Data">{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |title=Texas |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |access-date=August 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619224705/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-date=June 19, 2006 }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{see also|List of cathedrals in Texas}}
{{bar box
|title = Religious affiliation (2020)<ref>Public Religion Research Institute, [http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX "American Values Atlas (Texas)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221221714/http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX |date=February 21, 2019 }}</ref>
|titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|darkblue|75.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|mediumblue|28}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|mediumblue|47}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian|mediumblue|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]|purple|20}}
{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|5}}
}}

With the coming of Spanish Catholic and American Protestant missionary societies,<ref>{{Cite web|title= Religion|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/religion|access-date=February 16, 2021|publisher=TSHA |work=Handbook of Texas |first1= John W. |last1=Storey |orig-date=February 1, 1996 |date=August 25, 2023 }}</ref> Indigenous [[Native American religions|American Indian religions and spiritual traditions]] dwindled. Since then, colonial and present-day Texas has become a predominantly Christian state, with 75.5% of the population identifying as such according to the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] in 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=American Values Atlas |url=http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=Public Religion Research Institute |archive-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221221714/http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:St._Mary's_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg|thumb|[[St. Mary Cathedral Basilica (Galveston, Texas)|St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston|Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]]]]
Among its majority Christian populace, the largest Christian denomination as of 2014 has been the [[Catholic Church]], per the [[Pew Research Center]] at 23% of the population, although [[Protestantism|Protestants]] collectively constituted 50% of the Christian population in 2014;<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics: Texas |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/texas |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> in the 2020 study by the Public Religion Research Institute, the Catholic Church's membership increased to encompassing 28% of the population identifying with a religious or spiritual belief.<ref name=":2" /> At the 2020 [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] study, there were 5,905,142 Catholics in the state.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=U.S. Religion Census}}</ref> The largest Catholic jurisdictions in Texas are the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston|Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston]]—the first and oldest [[Latin Church]] diocese in Texas<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston |url=https://www.archgh.org/backgroundinfo |access-date=March 3, 2022 |website=archgh.org |quote=The Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston...… serves 1.7 million-plus Catholics.… is the first and oldest diocese in Texas, established by Pope Pius IX in 1847, when Galveston was named the [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|mother diocese]] of the Lone Star State.}}</ref>—the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas|Dallas]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth|Fort Worth]], and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio|Archdiocese of San Antonio]].
[[File:Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg|thumb|[[First Baptist Church (Dallas)|First Baptist Church of Dallas]]]]
Being part of the strongly, socially conservative [[Bible Belt]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bethancourt|first=Phillip|title=Rough Country: How Texas Became America's Most Powerful Bible-Belt State|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/reviews/rough-country-texas/|access-date=October 20, 2020|website=The Gospel Coalition|date=June 16, 2017 }}</ref> Protestants as a whole declined to 47% of the population in the 2020 study by the Public Religion Research Institute. Predominantly-white [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestantism]] declined to 14% of the Protestant Christian population. [[Mainline Protestant]]s in contrast made up 15% of Protestant Texas. Hispanic or Latino American-dominated Protestant churches and [[Black church|historically Black or African American Protestantism]] grew to a collective 13% of the Protestant population.

Evangelical Protestants were 31% of the population in 2014, and [[Baptists]] were the largest Evangelical tradition (14%);<ref name=":5" /> according to the 2014 study, they made up the second-largest Mainline Protestant group behind [[Methodism|Methodists]] (4%). [[Nondenominational Christianity|Nondenominational]] and interdenominational Protestant Christians were the second largest Evangelical group (7%) followed by [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] (4%). The largest Evangelical Baptists in the state were the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] (9%) and independent Baptists (3%). The [[Assemblies of God USA]] was the largest Evangelical Pentecostal denomination in 2014. Among [[Mainline Protestants]], the [[United Methodist Church]] was the largest denomination (4%) and the [[American Baptist Churches USA]] comprised the second-largest Mainline Protestant group (2%).

According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the state's largest historically African American Christian denominations were the [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptist Convention (USA)]] and the [[Church of God in Christ]]. Black Methodists and other Christians made up less than 1 percent each of the Christian demographic. Other Christians made up 1 percent of the total Christian population, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] formed less than 1 percent of the statewide Christian populace. The [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Texas|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is the largest [[Nontrinitarianism|nontrinitarian]] Christian group in Texas alongside the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref name=":5" />

Among its Protestant population, the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020 determined Southern Baptists numbered 3,319,962; non-denominational Protestants 2,405,786 (including [[Christian churches and churches of Christ|Christian Churches and Churches of Christ]], and the [[Churches of Christ]] altogether numbering 2,758,353); and United Methodists 938,399 as the most numerous Protestant groups in the state.<ref name=":4" /> Baptists altogether (Southern Baptists, [[American Baptist Association|American Baptist Associates]], American Baptists, [[Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship|Full Gospel Baptists]], [[General Baptists]], [[Free Will Baptist]]s, National Baptists, [[National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.|National Baptists of America]], [[National Missionary Baptist Convention of America|National Missionary Baptists]], [[National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.|National Primitive Baptists]], and [[Progressive National Baptist Convention|Progressive National Baptists]]) numbered 3,837,306; Methodists within United Methodism, the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church|AME]], [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church|AME Zion]], [[Christian Methodist Episcopal Church|CME]], and the [[Free Methodist Church]] numbered 1,026,453 Texans.

The same study tabulated 425,038 Pentecostals spread among the Assemblies of God, [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God (Cleveland)]], and Church of God in Christ. Nontrinitarian or [[Oneness Pentecostalism|Oneness Pentecostals]] numbered 7,042 between [[Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ]], [[Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith|COOLJC]], and the [[Pentecostal Assemblies of the World]]. Other Christians, including the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, numbered 55,329 altogether, and Episcopalians numbered 134,318, although the [[Anglican Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Church in America]], [[Anglican Church in North America]], [[Anglican Province of America]], and [[Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite)|Holy Catholic Church Anglican Rite]] had a collective presence in 114 churches.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=U.S. Religion Census}}</ref>

Non-Christian faiths accounted for 4% of the religious population in 2014, and 5% in 2020 per the Pew Research Center and Public Religion Research Institute.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism were tied as the second largest religion as of 2014 and 2020. In 2014, 18% of the state's population were religiously unaffiliated. Of the unaffiliated in 2014, an estimated 2% were [[Atheism|atheists]] and 3% [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]; in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute noted the largest non-Christian groups were the [[Spiritual but not religious|irreligious]] (20%), [[Judaism]] (1%), [[Islam]] (1%), [[Buddhism]] (1%) and [[Hinduism]], and other religions at less than 1 percent each.

In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000 as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.texanonline.net/special-reports/muslim-growth-adds-to-texas-diversity |title=Texas Online: Muslim growth adds to Texas diversity |work=Texanonline.net |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326150126/http://www.texanonline.net/special-reports/muslim-growth-adds-to-texas-diversity |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 313,209 Muslims as of 2020.<ref name=":4" /> Texas is the fifth-largest [[Muslim]]-populated state as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/arts/design/dallas-museum-lands-a-rich-trove-of-islamic-art.html |title=Dallas Museum Lands a Rich Trove of Islamic Art |date=February 4, 2014 |website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 25, 2016}}</ref> The Jewish population was around 128,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite book |title=Twentieth-century Texas: a social and cultural history |author1=Storey, John Woodrow |author2=Kelley |author3=Mary L. |publisher=University of North Texas Press |year=2008 |page=145}}</ref> In 2020, the Jewish population grew to over 176,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Population in the United States by State|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-in-the-united-states-by-state|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018050539/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-in-the-united-states-by-state|archive-date=October 18, 2020|access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> According to ARDA's 2020 study, there were 43 [[Chabad]] synagogues; 17,513 [[Conservative Jews]]; 8,110 [[Orthodox Jews]]; and 31,378 [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jews]]. Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]] lived in Texas as of 2004.<ref>Lindsey, William D.; Silk, Mark: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NjdrZ4m_BK8C Religion and public life in the southern crossroads: showdown states]'', Altamira Press, 2004, p. 48</ref> By 2020, there were 112,153 Hindus and 20 Sikh gurdwaras; 60,882 Texans adhered to [[Buddhism]].