Taoism

===Aspects of self (xing, xin, and ming)===
The Taoist view of the self is a holistic one that rejects the idea of a separate individualized [[self]]. As Russell Kirkland writes, Taoists "generally assume that one's 'self' cannot be understood or fulfilled without reference to other persons, and to the broader set of realities in which all persons are naturally and properly embedded."{{sfnp|Kirkland|2004|p=190}}

In Taoism, one's innate or fundamental nature (xing) is ultimately the Tao expressing or manifesting itself as an embodied person. Innate nature is connected with one's heartmind (xin), which refers to consciousness, the heart, and one's spirit.{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=108}} The focus of Taoist psychology is the [[Xin (heart-mind)|heartmind (xin)]], the intellectual and emotional center (zhong) of a person. It is associated with the chest cavity, the physical heart as well as with emotions, thoughts, consciousness, and the storehouse of spirit (shen).{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=115}} When the heartmind is unstable and separated from the Tao, it is called the ordinary heartmind (suxin). On the other hand, the original heartmind (benxin) pervades Tao and is constant and peaceful.{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=116}}

The ''Neiye'' (ch.14) calls this pure original heartmind the "inner heartmind", "an awareness that precedes language", and "a lodging place of the [[numinous]]".{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=116-117}} Later Taoist sources also refer to it by other terms like "awakened nature" (wuxing), "original nature" (benxing), "original spirit" (yuanshen), and "scarlet palace".{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=117}} This pure heartmind is seen as being characterized by clarity and stillness (qingjing), purity, pure yang, spiritual insight, and emptiness.{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=117}}

Taoists see life (sheng) as an expression of the Tao. The Tao is seen as granting each person a ''[[Ming yun|ming]]'' (life destiny), which is one's corporeal existence, one's body and vitality.{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=108}} Generally speaking, Taoist cultivation seeks a holistic [[Psychosomatic medicine|psychosomatic]] form of training that is described as "dual cultivation of innate nature and life-destiny" (''xingming shuanxiu'').{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=108}} Taoism believes in a "pervasive spirit world that is both interlocked with and separate from the world of humans."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salamone |first=Frank A. |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-94180-6 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |location=New York |page=430}}</ref>

The cultivation of innate nature is often associated with the practice of stillness (jinggong) or quiet meditation, while the cultivation of life-destiny generally revolves around movement based practices (dongong) like [[daoyin]] and health and longevity practices ([[Yangsheng (Daoism)|yangsheng]]).{{sfnp|Komjathy|2014|p=109}}
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