Taiwan

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Taiwan}}
[[File:Countries recognizing the Republic of China (Taiwan).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|
{{Legend|black|Republic of China (Taiwan)}}
{{Legend|#007f00|Countries that have formal relations with Taiwan}}
{{Legend|#8fbc8f|Countries that have formal relations with the PRC and informal relations with Taiwan}}]]
Before 1928, the [[foreign policy]] of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity—competing centers of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the [[Beiyang Government|Peiyang Government]] by the Kuomintang (KMT), which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/china |title=Countries&nbsp;– China|publisher=US Department of State, Office of the Historian|access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref>

After the KMT's retreat to Taiwan, most countries, notably the countries in the [[Western Bloc]] – with the exception of the United Kingdom, which recognized the peoples Republic already in 1950<ref>Wolf, David C. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China – 1950]. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18, no. 2, 1983, pp. 299–326. JSTOR.</ref> – continued to maintain relations with the ROC, but recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the People's Republic of China in the 1970s. On 25 October 1971, UN Resolution 2758 was adopted by 76 votes to 35 with 17 abstentions, recognizing the PRC as China's sole representative in the United Nations.<ref>Eyal Propper. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325191248/http://israelcfr.com/documents/issue5_china.pdf "How China Views its National Security,"] [[Israel Council on Foreign Relations|The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs]], May 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=United Nations Digital Library|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en|page=41| title=General Assembly, 26th session: 1976th plenary meeting, Monday, 25 October 1971, New York (A/PV.1976)|year = 1974}}</ref>

[[File:Taiwanese Embassy in Mbabane.JPG|thumb|[[Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of Eswatini|ROC embassy]] in [[Eswatini]]]]
The PRC refuses to have [[diplomacy|diplomatic relations]] with any nation that has diplomatic relations with the ROC, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement on its claims to Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henckaerts|first=Jean-Marie|title=The international status of Taiwan in the new world order|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1996|pages=96–97|isbn=978-90-411-0929-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&pg=PA96}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Tzu-wen|year=1996|title=The International Legal Status of the Republic of China on Taiwan|journal=UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs|volume=1|issue=2|pages=351–392|jstor=45302055}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Drun|first=Jessica|date=28 December 2017|title=One China, Multiple Interpretations|url=https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2017/12/29/one-china-multiple-interpretations|website=Center for Advanced China Research|access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> As a result, only {{Numrec|ROC||UN member states}} and the [[Holy See]] maintain official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.<ref name="ap2024"/> The ROC maintains unofficial relations with other countries via ''de facto'' [[embassy|embassies]] and [[consul (representative)|consulates]] mostly called [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office]]s (TECRO), with branch offices called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are "unofficial commercial entities" of the ROC in charge of maintaining diplomatic relations, providing consular services, and serving the national interests of the ROC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pajtinka|first=Erik|year=2017|title=Between Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy: Taiwan's Foreign Relations in Current Practice|journal=Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics|volume=11|issue=1|pages=39–57|doi=10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0003 |s2cid=158957023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

From 1954 to 1979, the United States was a partner with Taiwan in a mutual defense treaty. The United States remains one of the [[Republic of China-United States relations|main supporters]] of Taiwan and, through the [[Taiwan Relations Act]] passed in 1979, has continued selling arms and providing military training to the [[Republic of China Armed Forces|Armed Forces]].<ref name="TRA-review">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/bg1272.cfm|title=The Taiwan Relations Act After 20 Years: Keys to Past and Future Success|first=Stephen J.|last=Yates|author-link=Stephen J. Yates|date=16 April 1999|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722095740/http://www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/bg1272.cfm|archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> The People's Republic of China considers US involvement disruptive to the stability of the region.<ref name="SanctionsAFP">{{cite news|title=China: US spat over Taiwan could hit co-operation |date=2 February 2010 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206214100/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg |archive-date=6 February 2010 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama to push ahead on Taiwan frigate sales despite Chinese anger|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/14/obama-to-push-ahead-on-taiwan-frigate-sales-despite-chinese-anger.html|publisher=[[CNBC]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=14 December 2015}}</ref> The official position of the United States is that the PRC is expected to "use no force or threat[en] to use force against Taiwan" and the ROC is to "exercise prudence in managing all aspects of [[Cross-Strait relations]]." Both are to refrain from performing actions or espousing statements "that would unilaterally alter Taiwan's status".<ref name="UsPolicyToTaiwan">{{cite press release |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=21 April 2004|title=Overview of US Policy Towards Taiwan |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/31649.htm |access-date=17 July 2014 |last=Kelly |first=James A.}}</ref> While not officially classified as a [[major non-NATO ally]], it has been ''de facto'' treated this way by the [[United States]] since 2003.<ref name="Kan20092">{{cite book |last=Kan |first=Shirley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52 |title=Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 |date=December 2009 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-2041-3 |pages=52}}</ref>

Taiwan, since 2016 under the Tsai administration's [[New Southbound Policy]], has pursued closer economic relations with South and [[Southeast Asia]]n countries, increasing cooperation on investments and people-to-people exchanges despite the region's general lack of official diplomatic ties with Taipei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sana Hashmi |date=5 February 2021 |title=Perfecting Taiwan's New Southbound Policy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/perfecting-taiwans-new-southbound-policy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230125053859/https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/perfecting-taiwans-new-southbound-policy/ |archive-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Southbound Policy options discussed |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/08/30/2003763471 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[Taipei Times]]}}</ref> The policy has led to Taiwan receiving an increased number of migrants and students from the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ralph Jennings |date=28 February 2019 |title=Illegal immigration disrupt Taiwan's economic shift away from China and towards Southeast Asia |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2187922/illegal-immigration-disrupts-taiwans-economic-shift-away-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210504063103/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2187922/illegal-immigration-disrupts-taiwans-economic-shift-away-china |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> However, a few scandals of Southeast Asians, particularly Indonesians, experiencing exploitation in scholarship programs<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mimi Leung |date=7 January 2019 |title=Indonesia suspends student internships to Taiwan |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190107175952304 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[University World News]]}}</ref> and in some labor industries have emerged as setbacks for the policy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ja Ian Chong |date=10 April 2019 |title=Taiwan's New Southbound Policy: Accomplishments and Perceptions |url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/taiwan%E2%80%99s-new-southbound-policy-accomplishments-and-perceptions |website=[[East-West Center]] |place=[[National University of Singapore]] |language=en}}</ref> as well as for [[Indonesia-Taiwan relations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chou |first=Bryan |date=5 November 2020 |title=Taiwan, Indonesia Spar Over Migrant Worker Fees |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/142835 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[The News Lens]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=Perbudakan ABK di Taiwan Mendapat Perhatian Khusus Dewan |trans-title=ABK slavery in Taiwan Receives Special Attention from the Council |url=http://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/15447 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[People's Representative Council]] |language=id |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092729/https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/15447 }}</ref>