John Calvin

==Selected works==
{{Main|John Calvin bibliography}}

Calvin's first published work was a commentary of [[Seneca the Younger]]'s ''De Clementia''. Published at his own expense in 1532, it showed that he was a humanist in the tradition of [[Erasmus]] with a thorough understanding of classical scholarship.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Greef|2004|p=41}}; {{Harvnb|McGrath|1990|pp=60–62}}; {{Harvnb|Cottret|2000|pp=63–65}}; {{Harvnb|Steinmetz|2009|}}</ref> His first theological work, the ''[[Psychopannychia]]'', attempted to refute the doctrine of [[soul sleep]] as promulgated by the [[Anabaptists]]. Calvin probably wrote it during the period following Cop's speech, but it was not published until 1542 in Strasbourg.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Greef|2004|p=53}}; {{Harvnb|Cottret|2000|pp=77–82}}</ref>

[[File:John Calvin's handwriting 01.jpg|thumb|left|Calvin wrote many letters to religious and political leaders throughout Europe, including this one sent to [[Edward VI of England]].|320x320px]]

Calvin produced commentaries on most of the books of the Bible. His first commentary on [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] was published in 1540, and he planned to write commentaries on the entire New Testament. Six years passed before he wrote his second, a commentary on [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]], but after that he devoted more attention to reaching his goal. Within four years he had published commentaries on all the [[Pauline epistles]], and he also revised the commentary on Romans. He then turned his attention to the [[general epistles]], dedicating them to [[Edward VI of England]]. By 1555 he had completed his work on the New Testament, finishing with the [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] and the [[Gospels]] (he omitted only the brief second and third [[Epistles of John]] and the [[Book of Revelation]]). For the Old Testament, he wrote commentaries on [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]], the books of the [[Pentateuch]], the [[Psalms]], and [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]]. The material for the commentaries often originated from lectures to students and ministers that he reworked for publication. From 1557 onwards, he could not find the time to continue this method, and he gave permission for his lectures to be published from stenographers' notes. These ''Praelectiones'' covered the [[minor prophets]], [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]], [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]], and part of [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]].<ref>{{Harvnb|De Greef|2004|pp=44–45}}; {{Harvnb|Parker|2006|pp=134–136, 160–162}}</ref>
[[File:John Calvin Titian B.jpg|Portrait of Calvin by [[Titian]].|thumb]]
[[File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2017a-CHF-20-obverse.png|thumb|Calvin (left) and [[Huldrych Zwingli]] on a Swiss [[Coins of the Swiss franc|20 franc]] coin commemorating the 500th anniversary of the Reformation.]]
Calvin also wrote many letters and treatises. Following the ''Responsio ad Sadoletum'', Calvin wrote an open letter at the request of Bucer to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1543, ''Supplex exhortatio ad Caesarem'', defending the reformed faith. This was followed by an open letter to the pope (''Admonitio paterna Pauli III'') in 1544, in which Calvin admonished [[Paul III]] for depriving the reformers of any prospect of rapprochement. The pope proceeded to open the [[Council of Trent]], which resulted in decrees against the reformers. Calvin refuted the decrees by producing the ''Acta synodi Tridentinae cum Antidoto (The synod of Trent with Antidote)'' in 1547. When Charles tried to find a compromise solution with the [[Augsburg Interim]], Bucer and Bullinger urged Calvin to respond. He wrote the treatise, ''Vera Christianae pacificationis et Ecclesiae reformandae ratio (The true system of Christian pacification and the reformation of the Church)'' in 1549, in which he described the doctrines that should be upheld, including justification by faith.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Greef|2004|pp=46–48}}</ref>

Calvin provided many of the foundational documents for reformed churches, including documents on the catechism, the liturgy, and church governance. He also produced several confessions of faith to unite the churches. In 1559, he drafted the French confession of faith, the [[Gallic Confession]], and the synod in Paris accepted it with few changes. The [[Belgic Confession]] of 1561, a Dutch confession of faith, was partly based on the Gallic Confession.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Greef|2004|pp=50–51}}</ref>