Johannesburg

== Economy ==
[[File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|The [[Johannesburg Stock Exchange]]]]
Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}<!--"page not found" link<ref name="sa2010-joburg">{{cite web |url=http://www.sa2010.gov.za/southafrica/hostcities.php |title=Johannesburg |work=2010 Communication Project Management Unit |publisher=Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) |access-date=29 September 2008}}</ref>--> In a 2008 survey conducted by [[Mastercard]], Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |title=Mastercard – Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More |website=[[Mastercard]] |access-date=14 December 2007 |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061729/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mining was the foundation of the [[Witwatersrand]]'s economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. While gold mining no longer takes place within the [[city limits]], most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, the [[JSE Limited|JSE]] although it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions.

The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of [[Lesotho]], the biggest of which is the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century.

The container terminal at [[City Deep, Gauteng|City Deep]] is known to be the largest "[[dry port]]" in the world,{{Citation needed|reason=Johannesburg not mentioned in dry port article, largest dry port in world is significant claim|date=March 2015}} with some 50% of cargo that arrives through the ports of [[Durban]] and [[Cape Town]] arriving in Johannesburg. The City Deep area has been declared an IDZ (industrial development zone) by the Gauteng government.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

=== Retail ===
{{See also|Category: Shopping centres in Johannesburg}}
[[File:Sandton.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sandton City]] shopping mall in [[Sandton]], Johannesburg.]]

Johannesburg's largest shopping centres, measured by gross leasable area (GLA, the uniform measure of centre size as determined by the International Council of Shopping Centers) are Sandton City, Eastgate, Mall of Africa, Westgate and Cresta. [[Melrose Arch]] is one of its most prestigious.{{citation_needed|date=October 2012}} Other centres include [[Hyde Park Corner (shopping centre)|Hyde Park Corner]], [[Rosebank, Gauteng|Rosebank]], [[Southgate Shopping Centre|Southgate]], The Glen Shopping Centre, Johannesburg South, and Clearwater Mall. There were also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, in [[Midrand]], but these have been indefinitely delayed due to the opening of [[Mall of Africa]]. "Zonk'Izizwe" means "All Nations" in [[Zulu language]], indicating that the centre will cater to the city's diverse mix of peoples and races. Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |title=GREENSTONE MALL : BENTEL INTERNATIONAL: Architect Africa Features Page |publisher=Architectafrica.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208015832/http://www.architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |archive-date=8 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cradlestone Mall is a new mall named for its location which is close to the [[Cradle of Humankind]], a World Heritage Site.