Crucifixion of Jesus

===Words of Jesus spoken from the cross===
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{{Main|Sayings of Jesus on the cross}}
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - What Our Lord Saw from the Cross (Ce que voyait Notre-Seigneur sur la Croix) - James Tissot.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Crucifixion, seen from the Cross]]'', by [[James Tissot]], c. 1890, [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
The Gospels describe various [[last words]] that Jesus said while on the cross,<ref>Thomas W. Walker, ''Luke'', (Westminster John Knox Press, 2013) p. 84.</ref> as follows:

====Mark / Matthew====
* {{lang|arc-Latn|E′li, E′li, la′ma sa‧bach‧tha′ni?}} <ref>{{bibleverse|Mt.|27:46}}, {{bibleverse|Mk.|15:34}}</ref> ([[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] for "My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?"). Aramaic linguist Steve Caruso said Jesus most likely spoke Galilean Aramaic,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aramaicnt.org/what-is-galilean-aramaic/ |title=What is Galilean Aramaic? &#124; The Aramaic New Testament |publisher=Aramaicnt.org |date=March 31, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122013147/http://aramaicnt.org/what-is-galilean-aramaic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which would render the pronunciation of these words: {{lang|arc|[http://aramaicnt.org/2015/03/31/my-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me/ əlahí əlahí ləmáh šəvaqtáni]}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://aramaicnt.org/2015/03/31/my-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me/|title = My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?|date = March 31, 2015|access-date = April 7, 2023|archive-date = April 7, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104433/http://aramaicnt.org/2015/03/31/my-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me/|url-status = live}}</ref>

The only words of Jesus on the cross mentioned in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of [[Psalm 22]]. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, some commentators consider it a literary and theological creation. [[Geza Vermes]] noted the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the usual Hebrew, and that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage.<ref>Geza Vermes, ''The Passion'' (Penguin, 2005) p. 75.</ref> Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as "theologically correct and reassuring", he considers this phrase "unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable".<ref>Geza Vermes, ''The Passion'' (Penguin, 2005) p. 114.</ref> He describes it as bearing "all the appearances of a genuine cry".<ref>Geza Vermes, ''The Passion'' (Penguin, 2005) p. 122.</ref> [[Raymond E. Brown|Raymond Brown]] likewise comments that he finds "no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote".<ref>Raymond Brown, ''The Death of the Messiah'' Volume II (Doubleday, 1994) p. 1051</ref>

====Luke====
* "Father, forgive them; for they do not know what they are doing."<ref>{{bibleverse|Lk.|23:34}}</ref> [Some early manuscripts do not have this]
* "Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in Paradise."<ref>{{bibleverse|Lk.|23:43}}</ref>
* "Father, into your hands I commend my spirit."<ref>{{bibleverse|Lk.|23:46}}</ref>

The Gospel of Luke does not include the aforementioned exclamation of Jesus mentioned in Matthew and Mark.<ref>John Haralson Hayes, ''Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner's Handbook'' (Westminster John Knox Press, 1987) pp. 104–105. The author suggests this possibly was designed to play down the suffering of Jesus and replace a cry of desperation with one of hope and confidence, in keeping with the message of the Gospel in which Jesus dies confident that he would be vindicated as God's righteous prophet.</ref>

====John====
* "Woman, here is your son."<ref>{{bibleverse|Jn.|19:25–27}}</ref>
* "I am thirsty."<ref>{{bibleverse|Jn.|19:28}}</ref>
* "It is finished."<ref>{{bibleverse|Jn.|19:30}}</ref>

The words of Jesus on the cross, especially his [[last words]], have been the subject of a wide range of Christian teachings and sermons, and a number of authors have written books specifically devoted to the last sayings of Christ.<ref>David Anderson-Berry, 1871 ''The Seven Sayings of Christ on the Cross'', Glasgow: Pickering & Inglis Publishers</ref><ref>Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 ''The seven sayings of Christ on the cross'' Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, p. 26</ref><ref>Arthur Pink, 2005 ''The Seven Sayings of the Saviour on the Cross'' Baker Books {{ISBN|0-8010-6573-9}}</ref><ref>Simon Peter Long, 1966 ''The wounded Word: A brief meditation on the seven sayings of Christ on the cross'' Baker Books</ref><ref>John Ross Macduff, 1857 ''The Words of Jesus'' New York: Thomas Stanford Publishers, p. 76</ref><ref>Alexander Watson, 1847 ''The seven sayings on the Cross'' John Masters Publishers, London, p. 5. The difference between the accounts is cited by [[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] as a reason to doubt their historicity. James G. D. Dunn, ''Jesus Remembered'', (Eerdmans, 2003) pp.&nbsp;779–781.</ref>