California

===Population===
{{US Census population
| 1850 = 92597
| 1860 = 379994
| 1870 = 560247
| 1880 = 864694
| 1890 = 1213398
| 1900 = 1485053
| 1910 = 2377549
| 1920 = 3426861
| 1930 = 5677251
| 1940 = 6907387
| 1950 = 10586223
| 1960 = 15717204
| 1970 = 19953134
| 1980 = 23667902
| 1990 = 29760021
| 2000 = 33871648
| 2010 = 37253956
| 2020 = 39538223
| estyear = 2023
| estimate = 38940231
| footnote = Sources: 1790–1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, 2023<ref name="dof.ca.gov">{{Cite web |title=California Grew By 356,000 Residents in 2013 |url=http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1/documents/E-1_2014_Press_Release.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002520/http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1/documents/E-1_2014_Press_Release.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=September 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name="census_1790_1990">{{Cite web |date=August 20, 1993 |title=1990 Census of Population and Housing, Unit Counts, United States, 1990 CPH-2-1 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-1-1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-1-1.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=January 1, 2012 |website=Population and Housing Unit Counts, Population Estimates 1790–1990, pages 26–27 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration}}</ref><ref name="Census2020">{{Cite web |title=Population, Population Change, and Estimated Components of Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2020 (NST-EST2020-alldata) |url=http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/research/evaluation-estimates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222173239/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/research/evaluation-estimates.html |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=CaliforniaDecline2023>{{cite web |url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/352/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2023PressRelease.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622050408/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/352/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2023PressRelease.pdf |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=live |title=May 2023 Population Estimates Press Release |date=May 1, 2023 |work=[[California Department of Finance]] |access-date=August 20, 2023 }}</ref>{{break}}Chart does not include indigenous population figures.{{break}}Studies indicate that the Native American{{break}}population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000{{break}}before declining to 15,000 by 1900.<ref name="americanindiantah1">{{Cite web |title=American Indian Civics Project: Indians of Northern California: A Case Study of Federal, State, and Vigilante Intervention, 1850–1860 |url=http://americanindiantah.com/lesson_plans/ml_indians_in_northern_california.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317041607/http://americanindiantah.com/lesson_plans/ml_indians_in_northern_california.html |archive-date=March 17, 2012 |access-date=March 21, 2012 |publisher=Americanindiantah.com}}</ref>
}}

Presently, close to one out of every nine United States residents lives in California.<ref name="PPIC">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |last2=Mejia |last3=McGhee |first1=Hans |first2=Marisol |first3=Eric |title=California's Population |url=https://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-population/ |website=Public Policy Institute of California |access-date=March 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name=40Mill>{{Cite news |url=https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-population-migration-census-demographics-immigration/ |first1=Judy |last1=Lin |first2=Adria |last2=Watson |title=Explainer: California migration: The story of 40 million |date=June 24, 2022 }}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] reported that the population of California was 39.54 million on [[2020 United States census|April 1, 2020]], a 6.13% increase since the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]].<ref name=Census2020/> During that decade, the state's population grew more slowly than the rest of the nation, resulting in the loss of one seat on the US House of Representatives, the first loss in its entire history.<ref name=PPIC/> The estimated state population in 2023 was 38.94 million.<ref name=40Mill/> For well over a century (1900&ndash;2020), California experienced steady population growth. Even while the rate of growth began to slow by the 1990s, some growth continued into the first two decades of the 21st century; California added an average of around 400,000 people per year to its population during the period 1940–2020.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Eric |last1=McGhee |first2=Marisol Cuellar |last2=Mejia |first3=Hans|last3=Johnson|url=https://www.ppic.org/blog/californias-stalled-population-growth/|title=California's Stalled Population Growth|date=April 26, 2021|publisher=[[Public Policy Institute of California]]}}</ref><ref name=Byler>{{Cite news|first=David|last=Byler|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/03/31/why-californias-population-boom-has-stalled/|title=Why California's population boom has stalled|newspaper=Washington Post|date=March 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=California's shrinking population has big impacts|first=Dan|last=Walters|url=https://calmatters.org/commentary/2022/04/california-population-decline/|work=CalMatters|date=April 10, 2022}}</ref> Then in 2020, the state began to experience population declines continuing every year, attributable mostly to moves out of state but also due to declining [[birth rate]]s, [[COVID-19 pandemic deaths]], and less internal migration from other states to California.<ref name = PPIC/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff and agencies|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/02/california-population-decline-trend-covid|title=California's population shrinks for second year in a row|newspaper=The Guardian|date=May 2, 2022}}</ref> According to the U.S. Census Bureau, between 2021 and 2022, 818,000 California residents moved out of state<ref>{{Cite news |author=Angela Rodriguez |author2=Phillip Reese |date=November 2, 2023 |title=Again, more people are leaving California than moving in, data shows. Where are they going? |url=https://www.uniondemocrat.com/lifestyle/article_8e11bc68-79a4-11ee-998f-c71cde977c08.html |access-date=November 4, 2023 |newspaper=The Union Democrat |language=en}}</ref> with emigrants listing high cost of living,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nearly half of California residents are considering leaving the state, a poll finds. Many cite the cost of living as the main reason. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/06/28/california-population-decline-costs-of-living-state/70363036007/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |newspaper=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> high taxes,<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 18, 2023 |title=Opinion: From homelessness to high taxes, here's why I plan on moving from California to Florida |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/community-voices-project/story/2023-08-18/opinion-homelessness-high-taxes-california-libertarian-florida-moving-housing-crisis |access-date=November 5, 2023 |newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Register-2023">{{Cite news |author=Jim Doti |author2=Art Laffer |date=May 28, 2023 |title=James Doti and Art Laffer: California's lost adjusted gross income |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2023/05/28/james-doti-and-art-laffer-californias-lost-adjusted-gross-income/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |newspaper=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref> and a difficult business environment as the motivation.<ref name="Register-2023"/> The net loss of population in California between July 2020 and July 2023 was 433,000.<ref name=PPIC/>
The California Department of Finance issued stark revision to its population projections through 2060 down to 39.51 million, a figure 4.7 million lower than projection it had issued only two years earlier. The magnitude of the revision exceeds Los Angeles’s population.<ref name="DOF">{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Wendell |title=California: No Growth to 2060 per State Projections |url=https://www.newgeography.com/content/007894-california-no-growth-2060-state-projections |website=New Geography |date=March 13, 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Population density of California counties (2020).jpg|thumb|left|California's population density, 2020]]

The [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] is the second-largest [[metropolitan area]] in the United States (U.S.), while Los Angeles is the [[List of United States cities by population|second-largest city in the U.S.]] Conversely, San Francisco is the most densely-populated city in California and [[List of United States cities by population density|one of the most densely populated cities in the U.S.]]. Also, [[Los Angeles County]] has held the title of most populous U.S. county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 U.S. states.<ref name="LA County DPSS">{{Cite web |date=December 2005 |title=About Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services |url=https://dpss.lacounty.gov/dpss/about_dpss/dpss_overview.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417163102/http://dpss.lacounty.gov/dpss/about_dpss/dpss_overview.cfm |archive-date=April 17, 2010 |access-date=December 26, 2009 |publisher=Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services}}</ref><ref name="Baby Slump In L.A. County">{{Cite news |last=Barrett |first=Beth |date=September 19, 2003 |title=Baby Slump in L.A. County |pages=N4 |work=Los Angeles Daily News |publisher=Los Angeles Newspaper Group |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/7215/baby_slump_in_la_county/index.html |access-date=December 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715060356/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/7215/baby_slump_in_la_county/index.html |archive-date=July 15, 2010}}</ref> Including Los Angeles, four of the [[List of United States cities by population|top 20 most populous cities in the U.S.]] are in California: Los Angeles (2nd), [[San Diego]] (8th), [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] (10th), and San Francisco (17th). The [[center of population]] of California is located four miles west-southwest of the city of [[Shafter, California|Shafter]], [[Kern County, California|Kern County]].{{refn|The coordinates of the center of population are at {{Coord|35.491035|-119.347852|display=inline}}.<ref name="popCentersByState">{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Centers of Population for the 2020 Census |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/cenpop2020/CenPop2020_Mean_ST.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |website=United States Census}}</ref>
|group="note"}}

As of 2019, California ranked [[List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy|second among states by life expectancy]], with a life expectancy of 80.9 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-18.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-18.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=U.S. State Life Tables, 2019|first1=Elizabeth |last1=Arias |first2=Jiaquan |last2=Xu |first3=Betzaida |last3=Tejada-Vera |first4=Brigham|last4=Bastian|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=70|number=18|date=February 10, 2022}}</ref>

Starting in the year 2010, for the first time since the [[California Gold Rush]], California-born residents made up the majority of the state's population.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Teresa Watanabe |last2=Hector Becerra |date=April 1, 2010 |title=Native-born Californians regain majority status |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/01/local/la-me-homegrown1-2010apr01 |access-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> Along with the rest of the United States, California's immigration pattern has also shifted over the course of the late 2000s to early 2010s.<ref name="Pew Mexican Immigration">{{Cite web |title=Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero—and Perhaps Less |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2012/04/PHC-04-23-Mexican-Migration.pdf |access-date=July 19, 2015 |publisher=Pew Hispanic Center |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072108/http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2012/04/PHC-04-23-Mexican-Migration.pdf }}</ref> Immigration from [[Latin America]]n countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from [[Asia]].<ref name="SacBee17JAN2013" /> In total for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. Fifty-seven percent came from Asian countries versus 22% from Latin American countries.<ref name="SacBee17JAN2013">{{Cite news |last1=Stephen Magagnini |last2=Phillip Reese |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Census shows Asians eclipse Latino arrivals to California |work=Sacramento Bee |url=http://www.sacbee.com/2013/01/17/5120459/asian-immigrants-to-california.html |access-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118232108/http://www.sacbee.com/2013/01/17/5120459/asian-immigrants-to-california.html |archive-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref> [[Net immigration]] from Mexico, previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants, has dropped to zero / less than zero since more Mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating.<ref name="Pew Mexican Immigration" />

The state's population of [[undocumented immigrants]] has been shrinking in recent years, due to increased enforcement and decreased job opportunities for lower-skilled workers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2012 |title=Unauthorized Immigrants: 11.1 Million in 2011 |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/12/06/unauthorized-immigrants-11-1-million-in-2011/ |access-date=August 25, 2015 |website=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project}}</ref> The number of migrants arrested attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest decreased from a high of 1.1{{spaces}}million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011.<ref name="BusinessWeek">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120510045259/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-05-03/californias-illegal-immigrant-shortage California's Illegal Immigrant Shortage], ''Bloomberg BusinessWeek'', May 3, 2012.</ref> Despite these recent trends, [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal]] [[Alien (law)|aliens]] constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the state's population, the third highest percentage of any state in the [[Illegal immigrant population of the United States|country]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slevin |first=Peter |date=April 30, 2010 |title=New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot |pages=A4 |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2010/04/29/GR2010042904397.html}}</ref><ref group="note">Behind [[Nevada]] and [[Arizona]]</ref> totaling nearly 2.6{{spaces}}million.<ref name="SDUT19042011">{{Cite news |last=Michael Gardner |date=April 19, 2011 |title=Cutting services to illegal immigrants isn't easy |work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-cutting-services-to-illegal-immigrants-isnt-easy-2011apr19-htmlstory.html |access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> In particular, illegal immigrants tended to be concentrated in [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]], [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]], [[San Benito County, California|San Benito]], [[Imperial County, California|Imperial]], and [[Napa County, California|Napa]] Counties—the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual labor.<ref name="PPIC2011II">{{Cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Hans |last2=Hill |first2=Laura |date=July 2011 |title=Illegal Immigration |url=http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/atissue/AI_711HJAI.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/atissue/AI_711HJAI.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=January 15, 2013 |website=Publications |publisher=[[Public Policy Institute of California]]}}</ref> More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico.<ref name="SDUT19042011" /> The state of California and some California cities, including [[Los Angeles]], [[Oakland]] and [[San Francisco]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 15, 2019 |title=Officials in Sanctuary Cities Condemn Trump's Proposal To Move Immigrant Detainees |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/15/713616857/officials-in-sanctuary-cities-condemn-trumps-proposal-to-move-immigrant-detainee?t=1567429578598}}</ref> have adopted [[Sanctuary city|sanctuary policies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities, States Resist—and Assist—Immigration Crackdown in New Ways |url=https://pew.org/2O8sa9I |website=pew.org|date=August 3, 2018 }}</ref>

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 171,521 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people [[Homelessness in California|in California]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf|title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress}}</ref>