Augustus

=== Additional powers ===
During the second settlement, Augustus was also granted the power of a [[Tribune of the plebs|tribune]] (''tribunicia potestas'') for life, though not the official title of tribune.{{Sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|page=57}} For some years, Augustus had been awarded ''tribunicia sacrosanctitas'', the immunity given to a [[tribune of the plebs]]. Now he decided to assume the full powers of the magistracy, renewed annually, in perpetuity. Legally, it was closed to [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]], a status that Augustus had acquired some years earlier when adopted by Julius Caesar.{{Sfn|Gruen|2005|page=36}} This power allowed him to convene the Senate and people at will and lay business before them, to veto the actions of either the Assembly or the Senate, to preside over elections, and to speak first at any meeting.{{Sfn|Eder|2005|page=26}}{{Sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pages=57–58}} Also included in Augustus's tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the [[Roman censor]]; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure that they were in the public interest, as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate.{{Sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|page=59}}

[[File:August com a "Pontifex maximus" (detall) (finals s. I aC), Museu Nacional Romà (Palau Massimo), Roma.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Via Labicana Augustus|Head of Augustus]] as ''[[pontifex maximus]]'', Roman artwork of the late Augustan period, last decade of the 1st century BC]]
With the powers of a censor, Augustus appealed to virtues of Roman patriotism by banning all attire but the classic [[toga]] while entering the Forum.{{Sfn|Eder|2005|page=30}} There was no precedent within the Roman system for combining the powers of the tribune and the censor into a single position, nor was Augustus ever elected to the office of censor.{{Sfn|Bunson|1994|page=80}} Julius Caesar had been granted similar powers, wherein he was charged with supervising the morals of the state. However, this position did not extend to the censor's ability to hold a census and determine the Senate's roster. The office of the ''tribunus plebis'' began to lose its prestige due to Augustus's amassing of tribunal powers, so he revived its importance by making it a mandatory appointment for any plebeian desiring the [[praetor]]ship.{{Sfn|Bunson|1994|page=427}}

Augustus was granted sole ''imperium'' within the city of Rome in addition to being granted proconsular ''imperium maius'' and tribunician authority for life. Traditionally, proconsuls (Roman province governors) lost their proconsular "imperium" when they crossed the [[Pomerium]]—the sacred boundary of Rome—and entered the city. In these situations, Augustus would have power as part of his tribunician authority, but his constitutional imperium within the Pomerium would be less than that of a serving consul, which meant that when he was in the city he might not be the constitutional magistrate with the most authority. Thanks to his prestige or ''auctoritas'', his wishes would usually be obeyed, but there might be some difficulty. To fill this power vacuum, the Senate voted that Augustus's ''imperium proconsulare maius'' (superior proconsular power) should not lapse when he was inside the city walls. All armed forces in the city had formerly been under the control of the urban praetors and consuls, but this situation now placed them under the sole authority of Augustus.{{Sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|page=60}}

In addition, the credit was given to Augustus for each subsequent Roman military victory after this time, because the majority of Rome's armies were stationed in imperial provinces commanded by Augustus through the [[legatus]] who were deputies of the princeps in the provinces. Moreover, if a battle was fought in a senatorial province, Augustus's proconsular ''imperium maius'' allowed him to take command of (or credit for) any major military victory. This meant that Augustus was the only individual able to receive a [[Roman triumph|triumph]], a tradition that began with Romulus, Rome's first king and first triumphant general.{{Sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|page=61}} [[Tiberius]], Augustus's eldest stepson by Livia, was the only other general to receive a triumph—for victories in Germania in 7&nbsp;BC.{{Sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|page=117}}

Normally during republican times, the powers Augustus held even after the second settlement would have been split between several people, who would each exercise them with the assistance of a colleague and for a specific period of time. Augustus held them all at once by himself and with no time limits; even those that nominally had time limits were automatically renewed whenever they lapsed.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/Augustan-art-and-literature#ref26662 Ancient Rome] at [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301021228/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/Augustan-art-and-literature#ref26662 |date=1 March 2021 }}</ref>