20th century

=== Biology ===
* [[Genetics]] was unanimously accepted and significantly developed. The [[structure of DNA]] was determined in 1953 by [[James D. Watson|James Watson]],<ref name="nobelmedicine1962">{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/|work=NobelPrize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Franklin"/> [[Francis Crick]],<ref name="nobelmedicine1962"/><ref name="Franklin"/> [[Rosalind Franklin]]<ref name="Franklin">{{cite web |title=James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/james-watson-francis-crick-maurice-wilkins-and-rosalind-franklin |work=Science History Institute |access-date=20 March 2018 |date=June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321132408/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/james-watson-francis-crick-maurice-wilkins-and-rosalind-franklin |archive-date=21 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Maurice Wilkins]],<ref name="nobelmedicine1962"/><ref name="Franklin"/> following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the [[Human Genome Project]] (not finished in the 20th century) and [[Dolly (sheep)|cloning the first mammal]] in 1996.
* The role of [[sexual reproduction]] in evolution was understood, and [[bacterial conjugation]] was discovered.
* The convergence of various sciences for the formulation of the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] (produced between 1936 and 1947), providing a widely accepted account of [[evolution]].