19th century

==Religion==
[[File:BrighamYoung1.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Brigham Young]] led the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]] from 1844 until his death in 1877]]
* [[1818]]: The first permanent [[Reform Judaism]] congregation, the [[Hamburg Temple|Neuer Israelitischer Tempel]], is founded in [[Hamburg]] on October 18. Around the same time, through the development of ''[[Wissenschaft des Judentums]]'', the seeds of [[Conservative Judaism]] are sown.
* [[1830]]: The [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] is established.
* [[1844]]: The [[Báb]] announces his revelation on 23 May, founding [[Bábism]]. He announced to the world of the coming of "[[He whom God shall make manifest]]". He is considered the forerunner of [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]].
* [[1850s]]–[[1890s]]: In Islam, [[Salafism]] grows in popularity.
* [[1851]]: [[Hong Xiuquan]], the leader of the [[God Worshipping Society]], founds the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]].
* [[1857]]: In [[Paris]], [[France]], [[Allan Kardec]], publishes [[The Spirits' Book]] and founds the [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]].
* [[1868]]: In Japan, [[State Shinto]] is established amidst the [[Meiji Restoration]].
* [[1869]]–[[1870]]: The [[First Vatican Council]] is convened, articulating the dogma of [[papal infallibility]] and promoting a [[Neo-scholasticism|revival of scholastic theology]].
* [[1871]]–[[1878]]: In [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Otto von Bismarck]] challenges the Catholic Church in the ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' ("Culture War")
* [[1875]]: [[Helena Blavatsky]] co-founds the [[Theosophical Society]] and becomes the leading articulator of [[Theosophy]].
* [[1879]]: [[Mary Baker Eddy]] founds the [[Church of Christ, Scientist]]. ''[[The Watchtower]],'' published by the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], releases its first issue.
* [[1881]]: In the Sudan, [[Muhammad Ahmad]] claims to be the [[Mahdi]], founding the [[Mahdist State]] and declaring war on the [[Khedivate of Egypt]].
* [[1889]]: [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] establishes the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]].
* [[1891]]: [[Pope Leo XIII]] issues the [[papal encyclical]] ''[[Rerum novarum]]'', the first major document informing modern [[Catholic social teaching]].