Wicca

===Rites of passage===
[[File:Falguiere Diana p1070131.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bust of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] wearing a moon crown]]
Various [[rites of passage]] can be found within Wicca. Perhaps the most significant of these is an [[initiation]] ritual, through which somebody joins the Craft and becomes a Wiccan. In [[British Traditional Wicca]]n (BTW) traditions, there is a line of initiatory descent that goes back to [[Gerald Gardner]], and from him is said to go back to the [[New Forest coven]]; however, the existence of this coven remains unproven.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simpson |first1=Jacqueline |year=2005 |title=Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America |journal=Folklore |volume=116}}</ref> Gardner himself claimed that there was a traditional length of "a year and a day" between when a person began studying the Craft and when they were initiated, although he frequently broke this rule with initiates.

In BTW, initiation only accepts someone into the first degree. To proceed to the second degree, an initiate has to go through another ceremony, in which they name and describe the uses of [[Magical tools in Wicca|the ritual tools and implements]]. It is also at this ceremony that they are given their [[craft name]]. By holding the rank of second degree, a BTW is considered capable of initiating others into the Craft, or founding their own semi-autonomous covens. The third degree is the highest in BTW, and it involves the participation of the [[Great Rite]], either actual or symbolically, and in some cases ritual [[flagellation]], which is a rite often dispensed with due to its sado-masochistic overtones. By holding this rank, an initiate is considered capable of forming covens that are entirely autonomous of their parent coven.{{sfn|Farrar|Farrar|1984|loc=Chapter II – Second Degree Initiation}}{{sfn|Farrar|Farrar|1984|loc=Chapter III – Third Degree Initiation}}

According to new-age religious scholar [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|James R. Lewis]], in his book ''Witchcraft today: an encyclopaedia of Wiccan and neopagan traditions'', a high priestess becomes a queen when she has successfully hived off her first new coven under a new third-degree high priestess (in the orthodox Gardnerian system). She then becomes eligible to wear the "moon crown". The sequence of high priestess and queens traced back to Gerald Gardner is known as a lineage, and every orthodox Gardnerian High Priestess has a set of "lineage papers" proving the authenticity of her status.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/witchcrafttodaye0000lewi |url-access=registration |title=Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |first=James R. |last=Lewis |page=[https://archive.org/details/witchcrafttodaye0000lewi/page/238 238] |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-57607-134-2}}</ref>

[[File:Paganavebury.jpg|thumb|Handfasting ceremony at [[Avebury]] in [[England]], [[Beltane]] 2005]]

This three-tier degree system following initiation is largely unique to BTW, and traditions heavily based upon it. The [[Cochrane's Craft|Cochranian tradition]], which is not BTW, but based upon the teachings of [[Robert Cochrane (witch)|Robert Cochrane]], does not have the three degrees of initiation, merely having the stages of novice and initiate.

Some solitary Wiccans also perform self-initiation rituals, to dedicate themselves to becoming a Wiccan. The first of these to be published was in [[Paul Huson]]'s ''[[Mastering Witchcraft]]'' (1970), and unusually involved recitation of the [[Lord's Prayer]] backwards as a symbol of defiance against the historical [[Witch-hunt|Witch Hunt]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mastering Witchcraft: A Practical Guide for Witches, Warlocks and Covens |publisher=Putnum |location=New York |first=Paul |last=Huson |year=1970 |pages=22–23 |oclc=79263 |isbn=0-595-42006-0}}</ref> Subsequent, more overtly pagan self-initiation rituals have since been published in books designed for solitary Wiccans by authors like [[Doreen Valiente]], [[Scott Cunningham]] and [[Silver RavenWolf]].

[[Handfasting (Neopaganism)|Handfasting]] is another celebration held by Wiccans, and is the commonly used term for their weddings. Some Wiccans observe the practice of a trial marriage for a year and a day, which some traditions hold should be contracted on the Sabbat of Lughnasadh, as this was the traditional time for trial, "[[Telltown]] marriages" among the Irish. A common marriage vow in Wicca is "for as long as love lasts" instead of the traditional Christian "till death do us part".{{sfn|Gallagher|2005|p=370}} The first known Wiccan wedding ceremony took part in 1960 amongst the [[Bricket Wood coven]], between [[Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)|Frederic Lamond]] and his first wife, Gillian.{{sfn|Hutton|1999}}

Infants in Wiccan families may be involved in a ritual called a [[Wiccaning]], which is analogous to a [[Infant baptism|Christening]]. The purpose of this is to present the infant to the God and Goddess for protection. Parents are advised to "give {{interp|their}} children the gift of Wicca" in a manner suitable to their age. In accordance with the importance put on free will in Wicca, the child is not expected or required to adhere to Wicca or other forms of paganism should they not wish to do so when they reach adulthood.<ref name="AmberK1998">{{cite book |title=Coven Craft: Witchcraft for Three or More |publisher=Llewellyn |first=Amber |last=K. |page=280 |year=1998 |isbn=1-56718-018-3}}</ref>