South Sudan

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of South Sudan}}
[[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With South Sudan President Kiir (3).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] meets with President Salva Kiir, 26 May 2013.]]

Since independence, relations with Sudan have been changing. Sudan's President [[Omar al-Bashir]] first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,<ref name="BBC independence">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12144675|title=Southern Sudan votes on independence|author=Ross, Will|publisher=BBC|date=9 January 2011|access-date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401085955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12144675|archive-date=1 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.<ref name="BBC 9 July">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843|title=South Sudan becomes an independent nation|work=BBC News|date=9 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709112842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843|archive-date=9 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Essam Sharaf]], Prime Minister of Egypt after the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|2011 Egyptian Revolution]], made his first foreign visit to [[Khartoum]] and [[Juba]] in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1041/eg1.htm|title=AlAhram Weekly&nbsp;– Heading for headwaters|publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg|date=6 April 2011|access-date=2 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114713/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1041/eg1.htm|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Israel quickly recognized South Sudan as an independent country,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lior|first=Ilan|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-recognizes-south-sudan-as-independent-state-1.372460|title=Netanyahu: Israel recognizes South Sudan as independent state|journal=Haaretz|date=10 July 2011|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221180853/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-recognizes-south-sudan-as-independent-state-1.372460|archive-date=21 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and is host to thousands of [[Sudanese refugees in Israel|refugees from South Sudan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/17/120-south-sudanese-leaving-israel-under-pressure/|title=120 South Sudanese leaving Israel under pressure|newspaper=[[Fox News]]|date=17 June 2012|access-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624044509/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/17/120-south-sudanese-leaving-israel-under-pressure/|archive-date=24 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> who now face deportation to their native country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-southsudan-idUSBRE85G0PA20120617|title=Israel launches African migrant deportation drive|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=17 June 2012|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164638/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/17/us-israel-southsudan-idUSBRE85G0PA20120617|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95685/SOUTH-SUDAN-ISRAEL-Returnees-complain-of-harsh-treatment-in-Israel|title=IRIN Middle East &#124; SOUTH SUDAN-ISRAEL: Returnees complain of harsh treatment in Israel &#124; Israel &#124; South Sudan &#124; Early Warning &#124; Economy &#124; Governance &#124; Human Rights &#124; Migration|publisher=Irinnews.org|date=19 June 2012|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223207/http://www.irinnews.org/report/95685/south-sudan-israel-returnees-complain-of-harsh-treatment-in-israel|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> According to American sources, President Obama officially recognised the new state after  [[Sudan]], Egypt, Germany and Kenya were among the first to recognise the country's independence on 8 July 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-usa-obama-idUSTRE76817120110709|title=Obama grants U.S. recognition of South Sudan|journal=Reuters|first=Matt|last=Spetalnick|date=9 July 2011|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028201754/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-usa-obama-idUSTRE76817120110709|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>D. H. Johnson, ''The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars''</ref> Several states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming result. The Rationalist process included Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Eritrea, the United Kingdom and Norway.<ref>{{ citation| first=Fernando| last=Prieto| title=Did the US act as a 'defensive-positionalist' power and was it primary moved by local and regional stability concerns when it recognized South Sudan in 2011?| work=Research Study SIS 686| date= 18 November 2014}}</ref>{{efn| See table in [[Foreign relations of South Sudan]] with footnotes for early recognition countries.}}

South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14151390|agency=BBC News|date=14 July 2011|access-date=14 July 2011|title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd member|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714202229/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14151390|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="au54" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.au.int/en/content/peace-and-security-council-african-union-au-its-285th-meeting-held-13-july-2011-was-briefe-1|date=13 July 2011|access-date=15 July 2011|title=The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 285th meeting held on 13 July 2011, was briefed by the Commissioner for Peace and Security on the accession to independence of the Republic of South Sudan|agency=African Union|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504162230/http://www.au.int/en/content/peace-and-security-council-african-union-au-its-285th-meeting-held-13-july-2011-was-briefe-1|archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> the [[East African Community]],<ref name="en.igihe.com" /><ref name=bw1>{{cite web|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010848/http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-date=27 September 2011|publisher=East African Business Week|title=Welcome South Sudan to EAC!|date=10 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="sudantribune1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-avails-new-foreign,39637|agency=Sudan Tribune|title=South Sudan avails new foreign policy, to open 54 embassies|date=25 July 2011|access-date=6 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729051637/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-avails-new-foreign,39637|archive-date=29 July 2011}}</ref> and the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?storyid={62d78860-a792-475c-bff9-0722d5d61d3e}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403034148/http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?storyid=%7B62d78860-a792-475c-bff9-0722d5d61d3e%7D|archive-date=3 April 2012|agency=MENAFN.com|title=COMESA Welcomes New Member|date=31 October 2011|access-date=13 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> South Sudan plans to join the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/item/9001-south-sudan-launches-bid-to-join-commonwealth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712044345/http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/item/9001-south-sudan-launches-bid-to-join-commonwealth|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2011|agency=Gurtong News via Talk of Sudan|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|title=South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth}}</ref> the [[International Monetary Fund]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11145.htm|agency=International Monetary Fund|title=IMF Receives Membership Application from South Sudan, Seeks Contributions to Technical Assistance Trust Fund to Help New Country|date=20 April 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085250/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11145.htm|archive-date=24 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[OPEC Plus|OPEC+]], and the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://finchannel.com/news_flash/World/90526_World_Bank_Group_Congratulates_People_of_South_Sudan_on_Independence/|agency=The Financial|date=9 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|title=World Bank Group Congratulates People of South Sudan on Independence|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711063900/http://finchannel.com/news_flash/World/90526_World_Bank_Group_Congratulates_People_of_South_Sudan_on_Independence/|archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> Some international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the [[Greater Horn of Africa]].<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref>

Full membership in the [[Arab League]] has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it,<ref name="sdntribuneArabLg">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-entitled-to-join-Arab,39193|agency=Sudan Tribune|date=12 June 2011|access-date=8 July 2011|title=South Sudan "entitled to join Arab League"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062631/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-entitled-to-join-Arab,39193|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> though it could also opt for observer status.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re10.htm|agency=Al-Ahram|date=7 July 2011|access-date=8 July 2011|title=Hoping for the best|first=Asmaa|last=El-Husseini|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711201000/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re10.htm|archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1263&Itemid=1|title=South Sudan is UNESCO's 194th member|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Washington, DC|date=3 November 2011|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129094633/http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1263&Itemid=1|archive-date=29 November 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]], a regional grouping of [[East Africa]]n states.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125|work=Reuters|date=25 November 2011|access-date=25 November 2011|title=East African bloc admits South Sudan as member|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123658/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The ''New York Times'' reported that "South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/us/politics/us-is-facing-hard-choices-in-south-sudan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 January 2014|title=U.S. Is Facing Hard Choices in South Sudan|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131143757/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/us/politics/us-is-facing-hard-choices-in-south-sudan.html|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204855.htm|title=South Sudan|publisher=State.gov|access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a licence, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southsudan.usembassy.gov/business/doing-business-in-south-sudan.html|title=Doing Business in South Sudan &#124; Embassy of the United States Juba, South Sudan|publisher=Southsudan.usembassy.gov|access-date=21 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101030038/http://southsudan.usembassy.gov/business/doing-business-in-south-sudan.html|archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, "The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country", identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/170506.pdf|title=Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country|publisher=Congressional Research Service|author=Dagne, Ted|year=2011|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201101335/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/170506.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including South Sudan, signed a joint letter to the [[UNHRC]] defending China's treatment of [[Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=15 July 2019|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/|archive-date=16 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>