Research

=== Bias ===
Research is often biased in the languages that are preferred ([[linguicism]]) and the geographic locations where research occurs.
Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication. As the great majority of mainstream academic journals are written in English, multilingual periphery scholars often must translate their work to be accepted to elite Western-dominated journals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Canagarajah|first=A. Suresh|date=1 January 1996|title=From Critical Research Practice to Critical Research Reporting|jstor=3588146|journal=TESOL Quarterly|volume=30|issue=2|pages=321–331|doi=10.2307/3588146}}</ref> Multilingual scholars' influences from their native communicative styles can be assumed to be incompetence instead of difference.<ref name="Canagarajah">{{Cite journal|last=Canagarajah|first=Suresh|date=October 1996|title='Nondiscursive' Requirements in Academic Publishing, Material Resources of Periphery Scholars, and the Politics of Knowledge Production|journal=Written Communication|volume=13|issue=4|pages=435–472|doi=10.1177/0741088396013004001|s2cid=145250687}}</ref>

For comparative politics, Western countries are over-represented in single-country studies, with heavy emphasis on Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Since 2000, Latin American countries have become more popular in single-country studies. In contrast, countries in [[Oceania]] and the [[Caribbean]] are the focus of very few studies. Patterns of geographic bias also show a relationship with linguicism: countries whose official languages are French or Arabic are far less likely to be the focus of single-country studies than countries with different official languages. Within Africa, English-speaking countries are more represented than other countries.<ref name="Pepinsky"/>