Racial segregation

==== South Africa ====
{{Main|Apartheid}}
[[File:DurbanSign1989.jpg|thumb|upright|left|"[[Apartheid]]": sign on Durban beach in English, [[Afrikaans]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]], 1989]]
The [[apartheid]] system carried out by [[Afrikaner]] minority rule enacted a nationwide social policy "separate development" with the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] victory in the [[1948 South African general election|1948 general election]], following the "colour bar"-discriminatory legislation dating back to the beginning of the [[Union of South Africa]] and the [[Boer Republics|Boer republics]] before which, while repressive to Black South Africans along with other minorities, had not gone nearly so far.

Apartheid laws can be generally divided into following acts. Firstly, the [[Population Registration Act, 1950|Population Registration Act]] in 1950 classified residents in South Africa into four racial groups: "black", "white", "[[Coloured]]", and "Indian" and noted their racial identities on their identifications. Secondly, the [[Group Areas Act]] in 1950 assigned different regions according to different races. People were forced to live in their corresponding regions and the action of passing the boundaries without a permit was made illegal, extending pass laws that had already curtailed black movement. Thirdly, under the [[Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953|Reservation of Separate Amenities Act]] in 1953, amenities in public areas, like hospitals, universities and parks, were labeled separately according to particular races. In addition, the [[Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] in 1953 segregated national education in South Africa as well. Additionally, the government of the time enforced the [[pass laws]], which deprived Black South Africans of their right to travel freely within their own country. Under this system Black South Africans were severely restricted from urban areas, requiring authorisation from a white employer to enter.

Uprisings and protests against apartheid appeared immediately when apartheid arose. As early as 1949, the [[African National Congress Youth League|Youth League]] of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) advocated the ending of apartheid and suggested fighting against racial segregation by various methods. During the following decades, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred, including those of the [[Black Consciousness Movement]], students' protests, labor strikes, and church group activism etc. In 1991, the [[Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991|Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act]] was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zimmermann |first=Reinhard |title=Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1996 |page=90}}</ref> In 1994, [[Nelson Mandela]] won in the first [[1994 South African general election|multiracial democratic election]] in South Africa. His success fulfilled the ending of apartheid in South African history.