Philippines

=== Languages ===
{{main|Languages of the Philippines}}
<!--List of top five languages ONLY is suitable for this article. The complete list is what the link to Main topic just above is for.-->
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of the Philippines.png|thumb|alt=Another color-coded map|Ethnolinguistic map|upright=1.2]]

''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are [[living language]]s; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the [[Philippine languages|Philippine branch]] of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]], which is a branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name="Ethnologue-PH">{{#invoke:cite web||date=2013 |title=Philippines |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309171641/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH |archive-date=March 9, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |publisher=[[SIL International]] |language=en |location=Dallas, TX}}</ref> Spanish-based [[Creole language|creole]] varieties, collectively known as [[Chavacano]], are also spoken.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Asher |editor-first1=R. E. |editor-last2=Moseley |editor-first2=Christopher |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |edition=Second |date=April 19, 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Florence, Ky. |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP226 |language=en}}</ref> Many [[Philippine Negrito languages#Unique vocabulary|Philippine Negrito languages]] have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reid |first=Lawrence A. |date=June 1, 1994 |title=Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content |journal=[[Oceanic Linguistics]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=37–72 |doi=10.2307/3623000 |jstor=3623000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711143411/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |via=[[ScholarSpace]] |author-link1=Lawrence A. Reid|hdl=10125/32986 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

[[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[Philippine English|English]] are the country's official languages.<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage" /> Filipino, a [[Standard language|standardized version]] of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.<ref>{{cite book|last=Takacs |first=Sarolta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ |title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-45572-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA659 659]}}</ref> Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language;<ref name="Brown-Ganguly-2003">{{cite book|editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Michael Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia |series=BCSIA Studies in International Security |editor-last2=Ganguly |editor-first2=Sumit |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-52333-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&pg=PA323 323–325] |editor-link2=Sumit Ganguly}}</ref> [[code-switching]] between English and other local languages, notably [[Taglish|Tagalog]], is common.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code Switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=June 2004 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=226–231 |doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |access-date=July 3, 2023 |publisher=Education Research Institute, [[Seoul National University]] |issn=1598-1037 |oclc=425894528 |s2cid=145684166}}</ref> The Philippine constitution provides for [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage">{{Cite constitution |article=XIV |section=7 |polity=the Philippines |date=1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609073807/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/ |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> Spanish, a widely used [[lingua franca]] during the late nineteenth century, [[Spanish language in the Philippines|has declined greatly in use]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart |first=Miranda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C |title=The Spanish Language Today |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-134-76548-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Weedon |first=Alan |date=August 10, 2019 |title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810044706/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |access-date=March 31, 2023}}</ref> although Spanish [[loanword]]s are still present in Philippine languages.<ref>{{cite book|type=Conference proceeding |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ |title=Pidginization and Creolization of Languages; Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968 |date=1971 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-09888-5 |editor-last=Hymes |editor-first=Dell |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223 223]  |author-link1=Dell Hymes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aspillera |first1=Paraluman S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ |title=Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and Non-Tagalogs (with Online Audio) |edition=Revised Third |last2=Hernandez |first2=Yolanda Canseco |date=July 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]] |location=North Clarendon, Vt. |isbn=978-1-4629-0166-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 9] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Allan |editor-first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ |title=Dynamics of Language Changes: Looking Within and Across Languages |date=August 31, 2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-6430-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en}}</ref> Arabic is primarily taught in [[Mindanao]] Islamic schools.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Fernandez |first=Edwin |date=August 3, 2019 |title=BME eyes to boost Islamic studies in BARMM |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1076859 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153930/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1076859 |archive-date=July 26, 2020}}</ref>

The top languages generally spoken at home {{as of|2020|lc=y}} are Tagalog, [[Binisaya]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], and [[Bikol languages|Bikol]].<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |title=Tagalog is the Most Widely Spoken Language at Home (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108195246/https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577 |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> Nineteen [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|regional languages]] are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:<ref name="GMA-DepEd-7-Languages">{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 13, 2013 |title=DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3 |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216045522/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 |archive-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]
* Bikol
* Cebuano
* [[Chavacano]]
* Hiligaynon
* [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]
* Ilocano
* [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]
* [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
* [[Karay-a language|Kinaray-a]]
* [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]
* [[Maranao language|Maranao]]
* [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
* [[Sambal language|Sambal]]
* [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]
* Tagalog
* [[Tausug language|Tausug]]
* [[Waray language|Waray]]
* [[Yakan language|Yakan]]
{{div col end}}

Other indigenous languages, including [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]], [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]], [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]], [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]], [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Manobo languages|Manobo]], and several [[Visayan languages]], are used in their respective provinces.<ref name="Ethnologue-PH" /> [[Filipino Sign Language]] is the national sign language, and the language of [[Deafness in the Philippines|deaf education]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Filipino Sign Language declared as nat'l sign language of Filipino deaf |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/ |access-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112122321/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/ |archive-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
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