Pantheism Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Form of monism=== [[File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png|thumb|right|A diagram with neutral monism compared to Cartesian dualism, physicalism and idealism]] Philosophers and theologians have often suggested that pantheism implies monism.<ref name="Deity1">{{cite book |last=Owen |first=H. P. |title=Concepts of Deity |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |date=1971 |page=67}}</ref> {{refn|group=note|Different types of monism include:{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}<ref name=Schaffer>{{cite web |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism: The Priority of the Whole |url=http://www.jonathanschaffer.org/monism.pdf |website=johnathanschaeffer.org |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> # [[Substance theory|Substance]] monism, "the view that the apparent plurality of substances is due to different states or appearances of a single substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}} # Attributive monism, "the view that whatever the number of substances, they are of a single ultimate kind".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}} # Partial monism, "within a given realm of being (however many there may be) there is only one substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}} # Existence monism, the view that there is only one concrete object [[Type–token distinction|token]] (The One, "Τὸ Ἕν" or the [[Monad (philosophy)|Monad]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=19 March 2007 |edition=Summer 2015 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/monism/}}</ref> # Priority monism, "the whole is prior to its parts" or "the world has parts, but the parts are dependent fragments of an integrated whole."<ref name="Schaffer"/> # Property monism: the view that all properties are of a single type (e.g. only physical properties exist). # Genus monism: "the doctrine that there is a highest category; e.g., being".<ref name="Schaffer"/> Views contrasting with monism are: * [[Dualistic cosmology|Metaphysical dualism]], which asserts that there are two ultimately irreconcilable substances or realities such as Good and Evil, for example, [[Manichaeism]].{{sfn|Brugger|1972}} * [[Pluralism (philosophy)|Metaphysical pluralism]], which asserts three or more fundamental substances or realities.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}} * [[Nihilism]], negates any of the above categories (substances, properties, concrete objects, etc.). Monism in modern [[philosophy of mind]] can be divided into three broad categories: # [[Idealism]], phenomenalism, or [[Mentalism (psychology)|mentalistic]] monism, which holds that only mind or spirit is real.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}} # [[Neutral monism]], which holds that one sort of thing fundamentally exists,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} to which both the mental and the physical can be reduced. # [[Material monism]] (also called [[Physicalism]] and [[Materialism]]), which holds that only the physical is real, and that the mental or spiritual can be reduced to the physical:{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} ::a. [[Eliminative materialism]], according to which everything is physical and mental things do not exist.{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} ::b. [[Reductive physicalism]], according to which mental things do exist and are a kind of physical thing,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} Such as [[Behaviourism]], [[Type-identity theory]] and [[Functionalism (philosophy of mind)|Functionalism]]. Certain positions do not fit easily into the above categories, such as functionalism, [[anomalous monism]], and [[reflexive monism]]. Moreover, they do not define the meaning of "real".}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page