New York City

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of New York City|Demographic history of New York City}}
{{Historical populations|type=USA
| 1698|4937
| 1712|5840
| 1723|7248
| 1737|10664
| 1746|11717
| 1756|13046
| 1771|21863
| 1790|33131
| 1800|60515
| 1810|96373
| 1820|123706
| 1830|202589
| 1840|312710
| 1850|515547
| 1860|813669
| 1870|942292
| 1880|1206299
| 1890|1515301
| 1900|3437202
| 1910|4766883
| 1920|5620048
| 1930|6930446
| 1940|7454995
| 1950|7891957
| 1960|7781984
| 1970|7894862
| 1980|7071639
| 1990|7322564
| 2000|8008288
| 2010|8175133
| 2020|8804190
| 2022 est.|8335897
|footnote={{efn|1880 & 1890 figures include part of the Bronx. Beginning with 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs. '''Sources:''' 1698–1771,<ref>{{cite book|last=Greene and Harrington|title=American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790|location=New York|year=1932}}, as cited in: {{cite book|last=Rosenwaike|first=Ira|title=Population History of New York City|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|year=1972|isbn=0-8156-2155-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar/page/8 8]|url=https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar/page/8}}</ref> 1790–1990,<ref name=Census1790to1990>Gibson, Campbell; and Jung, Kay. [https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2005/demo/POP-twps0076.pdf#page=81 ''Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States''], [[United States Census Bureau]], February 2005. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> 2000 and 2010 Censuses,<ref name="2010 Census pop est">{{cite web|title=Table PL-P1 NYC: Total Population New York City and Boroughs, 2000 and 2010|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p1_nyc.pdf|website=nyc.gov|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> 2020 Census,<ref name=QuickFacts/> and 2022 estimate<ref name="2022 Estimates">{{cite web|title=New York City's Current Population Estimates and Trends - 2022|url=https://www.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/population-estimates/population-trends-2022.pdf?r=a|access-date=2023-05-09|publisher=New York City}}</ref>}}
}}

New York City is the most populous city in the United States,<ref name="2014NYCest2">{{cite news |first = James |last = Barron |title = New York City's Population Hits a Record 8.6 Million |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/nyregion/new-york-city-population.html |date = March 22, 2018 |access-date = March 22, 2018 }}</ref> with 8,804,190 residents incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the [[2010 United States census]].<ref name=QuickFacts/><ref>{{cite news |last = Sherry |first = Virginia N. |date = March 27, 2014 |title = Staten Island population at all-time high of 473,000; NYC's soars to record 8.4&nbsp;million |newspaper = [[Staten Island Advance]] |url = http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/staten_island_residents_number.html |access-date = March 27, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="nytimes_a">{{cite news |last = Roberts |first = Sam |date = March 14, 2013 |title = Fewer People Are Abandoning the Bronx, Census Data Show |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/nyregion/more-people-moving-to-bronx-census-shows.html |access-date = March 27, 2014 }}</ref> More than twice as many people live in New York City as compared to [[Los Angeles]], the second-most populous U.S. city.<ref name=Census2021Report>[https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/fastest-growing-cities-population-estimates.html "Fastest-Growing Cities Are Still in the West and South"], [[United States Census Bureau]], May 26, 2022. Accessed December 30, 2023.</ref>

Between 2010 and 2020, New York City gained 629,000 residents, more than any other U.S. city, and a greater amount than the total sum of the gains over the same decade of the next four largest U.S. cities (Los Angeles, Chicago, [[Houston]], and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]) combined.<ref name=2010to2020CensusGrowth1>{{cite web |first = Celine |last = Castronuovo |url = https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/567611-all-10-largest-cities-grew-phoenix-supplants-philly-as-5th-largest-in-us |title = All 10 largest cities grew, Phoenix supplants Philly as 5th largest in US |date = August 12, 2021 |access-date = August 28, 2021 |work = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] }}</ref><ref name=2010to2020CensusGrowth2>{{cite web |first = John L. |last = Dorman |url = https://www.businessinsider.com/census-10-largest-cities-united-states-population-growth-reapportionment-2021-8 |title = Census: The 10 most populous US cities are led by NYC, Los Angeles, and Chicago; Phoenix leapfrogs Philadelphia to claim the No. 5 spot |access-date = August 27, 2021 |date = August 16, 2021 |work = [[Business Insider]] }}</ref> The city's population density of {{Convert|27,744.1|PD/sqmi}} makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000.<ref name=CensusDensity2022>[https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022)], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed December 30, 2023.</ref> Manhattan's population density is {{Convert|70,450.8|PD/sqmi}}, the highest of any county in the United States.<ref name=CensusDensity2022/>

Based on data from the 2020 census, New York City comprises about 43.6% of the state's population of 20,202,320,<ref name=QuickFacts/> and about 39% of the population of the [[New York metropolitan area]].<ref name="PopHousingEstMetro">{{cite web |year = 2016 |title = ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates—2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates—City Versus Metro |url = https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP05/1600000US3651000%7C330M200US408 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20200214004528/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP05/1600000US3651000%7C330M200US408 |archive-date = February 14, 2020 |access-date = October 8, 2018 |website = American Fact Finder, [[United States Census Bureau]] }}</ref> The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,539 or 58.4%) were living in Brooklyn or Queens, the two boroughs on Long Island.<ref name=QuickFactsFiveBoroughs>[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newyorkcitynewyork,bronxcountynewyork,kingscountynewyork,newyorkcountynewyork,queenscountynewyork,richmondcountynewyork/ QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County, New York; Kings County, New York; New York County, New York; Queens County, New York; Richmond County, New York], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 14, 2024.</ref> As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,<ref name="QueensMostLinguisticallyDiverse" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://elalliance.org/|title=Endangered Language Alliance|year=2012|access-date=September 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name=800source2>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21528592|title=Linguistics- Say what?|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=September 10, 2011|access-date=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name=800source3>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-yorkers-self-assured-and-opinionated-defend-their-values/ar-BBog5Ms?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp|title=New Yorkers, Self-Assured and Opinionated, Defend Their Values|author=N. R. Kleinfield|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 15, 2016|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118134043/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-yorkers-self-assured-and-opinionated-defend-their-values/ar-BBog5Ms?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp|archive-date=January 18, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the New York City metropolitan statistical area has the largest [[Foreign born#Metropolitan regions with largest foreign born populations|foreign-born population of any metropolitan region]] in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami]].<ref name="Immigrants2014est">{{cite web |title = Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014 |url = https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160804064953/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls |archive-date = August 4, 2016 |access-date = June 1, 2016 |publisher = [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] }}</ref>

=== Race and ethnicity ===
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in New York City|New York City ethnic enclaves}}
The city's population in 2020 was 31.2% [[White Americans|White]] (non-Hispanic), 29.0% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]], 23.1% [[African Americans in New York City|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic), 14.5% [[Asian Americans in New York City|Asian]], and 0.6% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] (non-Hispanic), with 8.9% listing two or more races.<ref name=QuickFacts/> A total of 3.4% of the non-Hispanic population identified with [[Multiracial Americans|more than one race]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=new%20york%20city&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |title = 2020 Decennial Census |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |access-date = February 11, 2022 }}</ref>

Based on date from 2018 to 2022, approximately 36.3% of the city's population is [[foreign born]] (compared to 13.7% nationwide),<ref name=QuickFacts/> and 40% of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants.<ref>Camarota, Steven A.; Zeigler, Karen; and Richwine, Jason. [https://cis.org/Report/Births-Legal-and-Illegal-Immigrants-US ''Births to Legal and Illegal Immigrants in the U.S; A look at health insurance coverage among new mothers by legal status at the state and local level''], [[Center for Immigration Studies]], October 9, 2018. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Among the nation's largest metro areas, immigrants (legal and illegal) account for half or nearly half of births in Miami, San Francisco, and San Jose, Calif. They are two out of five births in Los Angeles and the New York City area."</ref> Throughout its history, New York has been a major [[port of entry]] for immigrants into the United States.<ref name="CityDiversity">{{cite news |last = Semple |first = Kirk |date = June 8, 2013 |title = City's Newest Immigrant Enclaves, From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok it|newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/09/nyregion/new-york-citys-newest-immigrant-enclaves.html?pagewanted=all |access-date = June 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="NYC immigration">[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf ''The Newest New Yorkers: 2013''], [[New York City Department of City Planning]], December 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965, to 37 percent. With foreign-born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births, approximately 6-in-10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants."</ref> No single country or region of origin dominates.<ref name="CityDiversity" /> The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city {{As of|2011|lc=y}} were the [[Dominicans in New York City|Dominican Republic]], [[Chinese Americans in New York City|China]], Mexico, [[Guyanese American|Guyana]], [[Jamaican Americans|Jamaica]], [[Ecuadorian Americans|Ecuador]], [[Haitian Americans|Haiti]], [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region|India]], [[Russian Americans in New York City|Russia]], and [[Caribbeans in New York City|Trinidad and Tobago]],<ref>{{cite news |last = Semple |first = Kirk |date = December 18, 2013 |title = Immigration Remakes and Sustains City, a Report Concludes |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/19/nyregion/chinese-diaspora-transforms-new-yorks-immigrant-population-report-finds.html |access-date = December 18, 2013 }}</ref> Queens has the largest [[Asian American]] and [[Andean states|Andean]] populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.<ref name=QueensMostDiverseWorld3>{{cite web |url = https://www.businessinsider.com/queens-languages-map-2017-2 |author = Lubin, Gus |date = February 15, 2017 |title = Queens Has More Languages Than Anywhere in the World – Here's Where They're Found |work = Business Insider |access-date = January 4, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld2"/> 
{{multiple image
  | title         = [[New York City ethnic enclaves]]
  | align         = right
  | perrow        = 2
  | total_width   = 300
  | caption_align = center
  | image1        = Chinatown,_New_York_(18076448908).jpg
  | caption1      = [[Little Fuzhou]], Manhattan
  | image2        = Little Italy NY Street.JPG
  | caption2      = [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]], Manhattan
  | image3        = Brighton_beach_(7434138858).jpg
  | caption3      = [[Brighton Beach#Russian-speaking culture|Little Russia]], Brooklyn
  | image4        = 74th St shopping Jax Hts jeh.jpg
  | caption4      = [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Little India]], Queens
}}

The metropolitan area has the largest [[Asian Indian]] population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,<ref name="U.S. Department of Homeland Security" /> [[Italian American]], and [[African American]] populations; the largest [[Dominican American]], [[Puerto Rican migration to New York City|Puerto Rican American]], and South American<ref name="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">{{cite web |title = Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2 |url = https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm |access-date = July 18, 2014 |publisher = [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] }}</ref> and second-largest overall [[Hispanic and Latino American|Hispanic]] population in the United States, numbering 4.8&nbsp;million.<ref name="HispanicLatino">{{cite web |title = Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 |url = http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20200212213707/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table |archive-date = February 12, 2020 |access-date = October 8, 2014 |publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] }}</ref> [[Venezuelan Americans|Venezuela]], Ecuador, [[Colombian Americans|Colombia]], [[Guyanese Americans|Guyana]], [[Peruvian Americans|Peru]], and [[Brazilian Americans|Brazil]], are the top source countries from [[South American Americans|South America]] for immigrants to the New York City region; the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], and [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans|Trinidad and Tobago]] in the [[Caribbeans in New York City|Caribbean]]; [[Nigerian Americans|Nigeria]], [[Egyptian Americans|Egypt]], [[Ghanaian Americans|Ghana]], [[Tanzanian Americans|Tanzania]], [[Kenyan Americans|Kenya]], and [[South African Americans|South Africa]] from [[African immigration to the United States|Africa]]; and [[Salvadoran Americans|El Salvador]], [[Honduran Americans|Honduras]], and [[Guatemalan Americans|Guatemala]] in [[Central America]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013 |url = https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214124/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |access-date = March 6, 2015 |archive-date = July 12, 2014 |publisher = [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] |url-status = dead }}</ref>

New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.<ref>{{cite web |title = Asian American Statistics |url = http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/asian_american.html |access-date = July 5, 2011 |publisher = Améredia Incorporated }}</ref> [[Asian Americans in New York City]], according to the 2010 census, number more than 1.2&nbsp;million,<ref name=QuickFacts/> greater than the combined totals of [[San Francisco]] and [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Semple |first = Kirk |date = June 23, 2011 |title = Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers |work = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html |access-date = July 5, 2011 |quote = Asians, a group more commonly associated with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city's [[kaleidoscope|kaleidoscopic]] racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have topped one million—nearly one in eight New Yorkers—which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined. }}</ref> New York has the largest [[Chinese people in New York City|Chinese]] population of any city outside Asia,<ref name="NYCLargestChinesePopulation">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/23/nyregion/in-new-york-indictment-of-officer-peter-liang-divides-chinese-americans.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photo-spot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0|title=Indictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese-Americans|author=Vivian Yee|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 22, 2015|access-date=November 17, 2023|quote=Now they are reaching out to the Chinese-language press, contacting lawyers to advise Officer Liang and planning a protest march in New York, a city with the largest Chinese population outside of Asia.}}</ref> [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan's Chinatown]] is the highest concentration of Chinese people in the [[Western Hemisphere]],<ref name="fact-sheet">* {{cite web |url = http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |title = Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet |publisher = www.explorechinatown.com |access-date = August 28, 2022 }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html |title = The History of New York's Chinatown |first = Sarah |last = Waxman |publisher = Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc |access-date = August 28, 2022 |quote = Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side. }}
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title = Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |first = David M. |last = Reimers |access-date = August 28, 2022 |isbn = 9780231076814 |year = 1992 |publisher = Columbia University Press }}
* {{cite web |url = http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |title = Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4 |author = Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz |publisher = Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers |access-date = August 28, 2022 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |archive-date = October 29, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title = Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |first = David M. |last = Reimers |access-date = August 28, 2022 |isbn = 9780231076814 |year = 1992 |publisher = Columbia University Press }}</ref> and Queens is home to the largest [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] population outside Asia.<ref name="UnreachedNY">{{cite web |date = July 17, 2012 |title = Most Significant Unreached People Group Communities in Metro NY |url = http://www.globalgates.info/church-plant-needs-among-unreached/ |access-date = October 27, 2014 |publisher = GLOBAL GATES |archive-date = October 27, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141027192509/http://www.globalgates.info/church-plant-needs-among-unreached/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Arab Americans]] number over 160,000 in New York City,<ref>{{cite web |title = A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City |url = http://www.allied-media.com/Arab-American/NY-Arabs.htm |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141108212113/http://www.allied-media.com/Arab-American/NY-Arabs.htm |archive-date = November 8, 2014 |access-date = October 9, 2014 |publisher = Allied Media Corp }}</ref> with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. [[Demographics of Central Asia|Central Asians]], primarily [[Uzbek American]]s, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population.<ref>{{cite web |title = Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2 |url = https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents |access-date = July 19, 2014 |publisher = [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] }}</ref> The metropolitan area is home to 20% of the nation's [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region|Indian Americans]] and at least twenty [[Little India (location)|Little India]] enclaves, and 15% of all [[Korean Americans in New York City|Korean Americans]] and four [[Koreatown, Manhattan|Koreatowns]].<ref name=NYCAmericanCommunitySurvey>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/|title=Explore Census Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 31, 2023}}</ref>

New York City has the largest [[European American|European]] and [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]] population of any American city, with 2.7&nbsp;million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title = American FactFinder—Results |url = http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20200212212412/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table |archive-date = February 12, 2020 |access-date = October 8, 2014 |publisher = [[U.S. Department of Commerce]] }}</ref> The [[European diaspora]] residing in the city is very diverse and many [[New York City ethnic enclaves#European|European ethnic groups have formed enclaves]].<ref name=BrightonBeachRussianSpeakingEpicenter>{{cite web |url=http://untappedcities.com/2014/01/23/nyc-micro-neighborhoods-little-odessa-brighton-beach-brooklyn/ |title=NYC's Micro Neighborhoods: Little Odesa in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn|author=Brennan Ortiz|year=2014|work=Untapped Cities (online, January 23)|access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name=AstoriaNYCGreektown1>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/arts/astoria-a-greek-isle-in-the-new-york-city-sea.html|title=Astoria, a Greek Isle in the New York City Sea|author=Richard F. Shepard|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 15, 1991|access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name=AstoriaNYCGreektown2>{{cite web|url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/06/18/the-ever-changing-face-of-greektown-in-astoria-queens-video/|title=Astoria: The Ever-Changing Greektown of New York|author=Kerry Kolasa-Sikiaridi|publisher=Greek Reporter|date=June 18, 2022|access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref> New York City is home to the highest [[Jews in New York City|Jewish population]] of any city in the world, numbering 1.6 million in 2022, more than [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Jerusalem]] combined.<ref>{{cite web |title=Transcript: Mayor Eric Adams Discusses Coordinated Efforts That Stopped Potential Attack on Jewish Community |url=https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/855-22/transcript-mayor-eric-adams-coordinated-efforts-stopped-potential-attack-jewish |website=Nyc.gov |date=21 November 2022}}</ref> In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated one in four residents is Jewish.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Danailova |first1=Hilary |title=Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth |url=https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/ |work=[[Hadassah Magazine]] |date=January 2018}}</ref>

=== LGBT culture ===
{{main|LGBT culture in New York City|Same-sex marriage in New York|NYC Pride March}}
{{further|New York City Drag March|Queens Pride Parade|List of LGBT people from New York City|List of largest LGBT events}}

New York City has been described as the [[LGBT culture in New York City|gay capital]] of the world and the central node of the [[LGBT|lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender]] (LGBT) [[political sociology|sociopolitical ecosystem]], and is home to one of the world's largest LGBT populations and the most prominent.<ref name=NYCGayCapitalOfTheWorld1>{{cite web |url = https://gayexpress.co.nz/2018/04/new-york-worlds-gay-capital/ |title = New York – The World's Gay Capital |first = Peter |last = Minkoff |publisher = Your LGBTQ+ Voice |date = April 5, 2018 |access-date = January 4, 2023 }}</ref> The New York metropolitan area is home to about 570,000 self-identifying [[Gays in New York City|gay]] and [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] people, [[LGBT demographics of the United States#By metropolitan area|the largest in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Gates |first = Gary J. |title = Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey |url = http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609015224/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf |archive-date = June 9, 2013 |date = October 2006 |access-date = December 7, 2013 |publisher = [[Williams Institute|The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1 = Silverman |first1 = Brian |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fIAuxa6ic9EC&q=new+york+one+of+the+largest+world+gay+population&pg=PT703 |title = Frommer's New York City 2013 |last2 = Chauvin |first2 = Kelsy |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-118-33144-6 |access-date = March 24, 2015 |publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]] }}</ref> Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal in New York since 1980's ''[[New York v. Onofre]]'' case, which invalidated the state's [[Sodomy laws in the United States#State and territorial laws prior to Lawrence v. Texas|sodomy law]].<ref>{{cite court |litigants = People v. Ronald Onofre |vol = 51 |reporter = N.Y.2d |opinion = 476 |court = [[New York Court of Appeals|N.Y. Court of Appeals]] |date = December 18, 1980 |url = https://www.leagle.com/decision/198052751ny2d4761481 |access-date = March 30, 2022 }}</ref> [[Same-sex marriage in New York]] was legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place on July 23, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Confessore |first1 = Nicholas |last2 = Barbaro |first2 = Michael |date = June 24, 2011 |title = New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp |access-date = September 2, 2012 |work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref>

[[File:NYC_Pride_2019_26.jpg|thumb|The [[New York City Pride March]] is the [[list of largest LGBT events|largest pride parade in the world.]]<ref name="NYCWorld'sLargestPrideParade"/>]]

The annual [[New York City Pride March]] proceeds southward down [[Fifth Avenue]] and ends at [[Greenwich Village, Manhattan|Greenwich Village]] in Lower Manhattan; the parade is the [[list of largest LGBT events|largest pride parade in the world]], attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.<ref name="NYCWorld'sLargestPrideParade">{{cite web |date = June 25, 2017 |title = Revelers Take to the Streets For 48th Annual NYC Pride March |url = http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/06/25/48th-nyc-pride-march/ |access-date = June 26, 2017 |publisher = [[CBS New York]] |quote = A sea of rainbows took over the Big Apple for the biggest pride parade in the world Sunday. }}</ref><ref name=NYCWorld>{{Cite web |last=Gleason |first=Will |date=March 11, 2019 |title=Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/new-york-voted-best-city-in-the-world-in-massive-worldwide-survey-031119 |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |quote=After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why this happened, and why now, it also led the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.... Since then, it's steadily attracted more and more attendees and, last year, averaged 10,000 people a night. Those thousands of New Yorkers weren't just hungry for new food, but for new points-of-view.... 'We've now been able to represent over 85 countries, and I'm constantly hearing examples of people branching out and trying things they've never heard of before.'}}</ref> The annual [[Queens Pride Parade]] is held in [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]] and is accompanied by the ensuing ''Multicultural Parade''.<ref name="NYCTrans">{{cite news |first = Bill |last = Parry |date = July 10, 2018 |title = Elmhurst vigil remembers transgender victims lost to violence and hate |newspaper = [[TimesLedger Newspapers|TimesLedger]] |location = New York |url = https://www.timesledger.com/stories/2016/48/transvigil_2016_11_25_q.html |url-status = dead |access-date = April 13, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190213003206/https://www.timesledger.com/stories/2016/48/transvigil_2016_11_25_q.html |archive-date = February 13, 2019 }}</ref>

[[Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019]] was the [[List of largest LGBT events|largest international Pride celebration]] in history, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.<ref name="Authorities1">{{cite news |first = Karma |last = Allen |url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/million-people-crowed-nyc-worldpride-mayor/story?id=64090338 |title = About 5 million people attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says |date = July 3, 2019 |access-date = July 3, 2019 |work = [[ABC News]] }}</ref> New York City is home to the largest [[transgender]] population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.<ref name="NYCTrans" /><ref name="TransEqualityNYC" /> Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest [[Transgender rights|transgender-rights]] demonstration in LGBT history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from [[Grand Army Plaza]] to [[Fort Greene, Brooklyn]], focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.<ref>{{cite news |first = Anushka |last = Patil |date = June 15, 2020 |title = How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/nyregion/brooklyn-black-trans-parade.html |access-date = June 28, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Shannon |last = Keating |date = June 16, 2020 |title = Corporate Pride Events Can't Happen This Year. Let's Keep It That Way |website = [[BuzzFeed News]] |url = https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/shannonkeating/pride-protest-black-trans-rally-brooklyn-liberation-lgbtq |access-date = June 28, 2020 }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{further|St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)|Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree|Christmas in New York|Judaism in New York City|History of the Jews in New York|Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam|Islam in New York City|Hindu Temple Society of North America}}
{{bar box
|title = Religious affiliation (2014)<ref name="NYCReligion1"/><ref name="NYCReligion2"/>
|titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|darkblue|59}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|mediumblue|33}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|mediumblue|23}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian|mediumblue|3}}
{{bar percent|Unaffiliated|purple|22}}
{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|lightgreen|8}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|7}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|lightgreen|2}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|1}}
}}

Largely as a result of Western European [[missionary]] work and [[colonialism]], [[Christianity]] is the largest religion (59% adherent) in New York City,<ref name="NYCReligion1">{{cite web |first = Michael |last = Lipka |url = http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ |title = Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles |publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] |date = July 29, 2015 |access-date = July 30, 2015 }}</ref> which is home to the highest number of [[church (building)|churches]] of any city in the world.<ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld"/> [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by [[Protestantism]] (23%), and [[List of Christian denominations|other Christian denominations]] (3%). The Roman Catholic population are primarily served by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn|Diocese of Brooklyn]]. [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestantism]] is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by [[Mainline Protestant]]ism (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.<ref name="NYCReligion2">{{Cite web |title = Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics |url = https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ |access-date = July 11, 2020 |website = [[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project |language = en-US }}</ref>

[[American Jews|Judaism]], the [[Jews in New York City|second-largest religion practiced in New York City]], with approximately 1.6&nbsp;million adherents as of 2022, represents [[Jewish population by city|the largest Jewish community of any city in the world]], greater than the combined totals of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.<ref name=NYCWorldsLargestJewishPopulation>{{cite web |title = Transcript: Mayor Eric Adams Discusses Coordinated Efforts That Stopped Potential Attack on Jewish Community |url = https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/855-22/transcript-mayor-eric-adams-coordinated-efforts-stopped-potential-attack-jewish |access-date = November 24, 2022 |date = November 21, 2022 |publisher = City of New York |quote = New York City is home to 1.6 million Jews, the largest Jewish population of any city in the world. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Jewish Community Study of New York: 2011 Comprehensive Report |url = http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/bitstream/88435/dsp01w3763682c/1/JCSNY2011_ComprehensiveReport.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211116155929/https://dataspace.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/dsp01w3763682c/1/JCSNY2011_ComprehensiveReport.pdf |access-date = August 13, 2014 |archive-date = November 16, 2021 |publisher = [[UJA-Federation of New York]] |url-status = dead }}</ref> Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn.<ref name="BrooklynJewish">{{cite news |last = Weichselbaum |first = Simone |date = June 26, 2012 |title = Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds |newspaper = [[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location = New York |url = http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080 |url-status = live |access-date = May 30, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180704130656/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080 |archive-date = July 4, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=BrookynTheMostJewishSpotOnEarth>{{Cite web |first = Hilary |last = Danailova |date = January 11, 2018 |title = Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth |url = https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/ |access-date = July 29, 2020 |website = [[Hadassah Magazine]] |language = en-US }}</ref> The ethno-religious population makes up 18.4% of the city and its religious demographic makes up 8%.<ref>{{cite web |first = Josh |last = Nathan-Kazis |date = June 12, 2012 |title = N.Y. Jewish Population Grows to 1.5M: Study |url = http://www.forward.com/articles/157654/ny-jewish-population-grows-to-m-study/ |work = [[The Forward]] |access-date = November 21, 2021 }}</ref>

[[Islam]] ranks as the third-largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Grynbaum |first1 = Michael M. |last2 = Otterman |first2 = Sharon |date = March 4, 2015 |title = New York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School Calendar |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/nyregion/new-york-to-add-two-muslim-holy-days-to-public-school-calendar.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news |access-date = March 4, 2015 }}</ref> 22.3% of [[Islam in the United States|American Muslims]] live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater [[New York metropolitan area]], representing the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the [[Western Hemisphere]]<ref>{{Cite web |title = An Impact Report of Muslim Contributions to New York City |url = https://www.ispu.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/MAP-NY-Key-Findings-Web.pdf |access-date = May 17, 2021 |website = Institute for Social Policy and Understanding }}</ref>—and the most [[ethnically diverse]] Muslim population of any city in the world.<ref name=NYCMostDiverseMuslimPopulationWorld>{{Cite web |date = February 29, 2016 |title = Muslims in Metro New York (Part 2) – Specific Muslim Group Estimates |url = https://globalgates.info/resources-information/muslims-in-metro-new-york-part-2-specific-muslim-group-estimates/ |access-date = September 16, 2022 |website = Global Gates |language = en-US }}</ref> [[Powers Street Mosque]] in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the U.S., and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state of New York.<ref>{{Cite web |first = Tharik |last = Hussain |title = How America's oldest mosque was built by Muslims from the Baltic |url = https://www.baltictimes.com/how_america___s_oldest_mosque_was_built_by_muslims_from_the_baltic/ |date = May 19, 2016 |access-date = July 29, 2020 |website = www.baltictimes.com |publisher = [[The Baltic Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first = Zuha |last = Siddiqui |date = December 26, 2018 |title = America's Oldest Surviving Mosque Is in Williamsburg |url = https://bedfordandbowery.com/2018/12/americas-oldest-surviving-mosque-is-in-williamsburg/ |access-date = July 29, 2020 |website = Bedford + Bowery |language = en-US }}</ref>

Following these three largest religious groups in New York City are [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and others. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, and 4% were self-identified [[atheist]]s.<ref name=NYCReligion3>{{cite web |url = https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/new-york-city-metro-area/ |title = Religious composition of adults in the New York City metropolitan area |publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] |access-date = February 1, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in New York City}}
[[File:Low_Memorial_Library_Columbia_University_College_Walk_Court_Yard_05.jpg|thumb|The [[Low Memorial Library]] at [[Columbia University]]]] 
New York City has the largest educational system of any city in the world.<ref name=NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld/> The city's educational infrastructure spans [[primary education]], [[secondary education]], [[higher education]], and [[research]]. The [[New York City Public Schools]] system, managed by the [[New York City Department of Education]], is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1&nbsp;million students in approximately 1,800 separate primary and secondary schools, including [[charter schools]], as of the 2017–2018 school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wherewelive.cityofnewyork.us/explore-data/access-to-opportunity/education/#:~:text=New%20York%20City's%20public%20school,and%20various%20charter%20programs1.|title=Where we live NRC Fair housing together|access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools.<ref>{{cite web |title = Home |url = http://www.nyccharterschools.org/ |publisher = New York City Charter School Center |access-date = April 16, 2015 }}</ref> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title = Private School Universe Survey |url = http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |access-date = September 1, 2008 |publisher = [[National Center for Education Statistics]] }}</ref>

[[File:Facade_of_the_New_York_Public_Library_Main_Branch_2.jpg|thumb|The [[New York Public Library Main Branch|Stephen A. Schwarzman Headquarters Building]] of the [[New York Public Library]]]]
The [[New York Public Library]] (NYPL) has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States.<ref name="libraryspot">{{cite web |title = Nation's Largest Libraries |url = http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm |access-date = September 1, 2008 |publisher = LibrarySpot |archive-date = May 29, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070529215517/http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Queens is served by the [[Queens Borough Public Library]] (QPL), the nation's second-largest public library system, while the [[Brooklyn Public Library]] (BPL) serves Brooklyn.<ref name="libraryspot" />

More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States,<ref>{{Cite news |date = September 8, 2016 |title = America's Biggest College Towns |language = en |work = Bloomberg.com |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-08/america-s-biggest-college-towns |access-date = August 15, 2022 }}</ref> are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in the [[City University of New York]] (CUNY) system alone {{as of|2020|lc=yes}}, including both degree and professional programs.<ref>{{cite web |title = Academics |url = https://www.cuny.edu/academics/ |access-date = April 15, 2020 |publisher = [[City University of New York]] }}</ref> According to [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any [[global city]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019 |url = http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2019.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190817225232/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2019.html |archive-date = August 17, 2019 |access-date = August 17, 2019 |publisher = [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai Ranking Consultancy]] |url-status = dead }}</ref>

The public CUNY system comprising 25 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, [[community college]]s, and other graduate/professional schools. The public [[State University of New York]] (SUNY) system includes campuses in New York City, including [[SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University]], [[Fashion Institute of Technology]], [[SUNY Maritime College]], and [[SUNY College of Optometry]]. New York City is home to such notable private universities as [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], [[Cooper Union]], [[Fordham University]], [[New York University]], [[New York Institute of Technology]], [[Rockefeller University]], [[Mercy University]], [[Cornell Tech]] and [[Yeshiva University]]; several of these universities are ranked among the top universities in the world,<ref name="ARWU">{{cite web |title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 |url = http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2017.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171012154517/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2017.html |archive-date = October 12, 2017 |access-date = October 16, 2017 |publisher = [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Consultancy]] |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="CWUR">{{cite web |title = CWUR 2016—World University Rankings |url = https://cwur.org/2016.php |access-date = October 16, 2017 |publisher = [[Center for World University Rankings]] }}</ref> while some of the world's most prestigious institutions like [[Princeton University]] and [[Yale University]] remain in the [[New York metropolitan area]].

Much of the [[scientific research]] in the city is done in medicine and the [[life sciences]]. In 2019, the New York metropolitan area ranked first on the [[List of cities by scientific output#Leading cities in different fields|list of cities and metropolitan areas by share of published articles in life sciences]].<ref name=NYCLifeSciencesCapital/> New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, and in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Horner |first1 = Blair |last2 = Levin |first2 = Arthur |last3 = Mattei |first3 = Suzanne |others = Casey Ciceron (contributor) |date = August 2014 |title = The Doctor Is In: New York's Increasing Number of Doctors |url = http://www.nypirg.org/pubs/health/2014.08.21DoctorIsIn.pdf |access-date = August 22, 2014 |page = 13, Appendix 1: Comparison of the Numbers Of New York Doctors By County, As Of December 31, 2004, And December 31, 2012 |publisher = [[New York City Economic Development Corporation]] }}</ref> There are 127 [[Nobel laureate]]s with roots in local institutions {{As of|2004|lc=y}}.<ref name="NYC science institutions">{{cite press release |title = Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan |publisher = [[New York City Economic Development Corporation]] |url = http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |date = November 18, 2004 |access-date = September 1, 2008 |archive-date = October 11, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233830/http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{main|Healthcare in New York City|NYC Health + Hospitals|New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene}}
[[File:NewYorkPresbyterian-Cornell.jpg|thumb|[[New York-Presbyterian Hospital]], affiliated with [[Columbia University]] and [[Cornell University]], is the largest hospital and largest private employer in New York City and one of the world's busiest hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |title = About Us: Locations |url = http://careers.nyp.org/about-us/locations/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212715/http://careers.nyp.org/about-us/locations/ |archive-date = August 12, 2014 |access-date = August 12, 2014 |publisher = [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] }}</ref>]]New York City is a center for healthcare and medical training, with employment of 750,000 in the city's health care sector.<ref>[https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-mayor-adams-announce-plan-sparc-kips-bay-first-its-kind-job-and-education-hub "Governor Hochul, Mayor Adams Announce Plan for SPARC Kips Bay, First-of-Its-Kind Job and Education Hub for Health and Life Sciences Innovation"], [[Governor of New York]] [[Kathy Hochul]], October 13, 2022. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City's health care sector employs over 750,000 New Yorkers, and the metropolitan area's life sciences sector is a rapidly growing industry with nearly 150,000 additional jobs last year."</ref><ref>[https://edc.nyc/industry/healthcare Healthcare], [[New York City Economic Development Corporation]]. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City is home to the largest public healthcare system in the US, world-class private medical centers, and a robust, cutting-edge R&D landscape."</ref> Private hospitals in New York City include the [[Hospital for Special Surgery]], [[Lenox Hill Hospital]] [[Long Island Jewish Medical Center]], [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]], [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)|Mount Sinai Hospital]], [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] and [[NYU Langone Health]].<ref>[https://www.definitivehc.com/resources/healthcare-insights/top-hospitals-new-york-net-patient-revenue "Top 25 New York hospitals by net patient revenue"], Definitive Healthcare, June 6, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> [[Medical school]]s include [[SUNY Downstate College of Medicine]] in Brooklyn, [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]] in the Bronx, and [[CUNY School of Medicine]], [[Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine]], [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]], [[Weill Cornell Medicine]], [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai]] and [[New York University School of Medicine]] in Manhattan.<ref>[https://www.nyacep.org/practice-resources-2/resources/medical-students/new-york-medical-schools New York Medical Schools], New York ACEP. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref>

[[NYC Health + Hospitals]] (HHC) is a [[New York state public-benefit corporations|public-benefit corporation]] established in 1969 which operates the city's [[Public hospital#United States|public hospitals]] and a network of [[outpatient care|outpatient]] clinics.<ref>[https://a856-gbol.nyc.gov/GBOLWebsite/GreenBook/Details?orgId=2879 Health + Hospitals NYC, (NYC H+H)], ''New York City Green Book''. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Description: A public benefit Corporation created by State Legislature, July 1, 1969, to operate the City's municipal hospitals. Operates facilities in all five boroughs, providing general, chronic, ambulatory and skilled nursing care and a wide variety of specialized patient care services. All employees are public employees."</ref><ref>[https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/HHC Chapter1016 New York City health and hospitals corporation act 1016/69], [[New York State Senate]]. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> {{as of|2021}}, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States with $10.9 billion in annual revenues.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/HHC-Financial-Statements-2021.pdf |title = Financial Statements and Supplemental Schedules and Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants – New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (A Component Unit of the City of New York) |publisher = The City of New York |access-date = October 12, 2022 }}</ref> HHC serves 1.4&nbsp;million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.<ref name="HHC1">{{Cite web |title = HHC Health and Hospitals Corporation |url = http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/html/home/home.shtml |website = [[nyc.gov]] |access-date = November 29, 2021 }}</ref> HHC operates eleven [[acute care|acute-care]] hospitals, four nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based [[primary care]] sites, serving primarily the city's poor and working-class residents.<ref>[https://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/careers/frequently-asked-questions/ Frequently Asked Questions], [[NYC Health + Hospitals]]. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Where are your facilities located? NYC Health + Hospitals includes 11 acute care hospitals, four skilled nursing facilities, six large diagnostic and treatment centers and more than 70 community-based clinics. These facilities are within seven geographically based networks throughout the New York City metropolitan area."</ref><ref>Miller, Kenneth. [https://www.nursing.columbia.edu/news/public-option The Public Option], [[Columbia University School of Nursing]], November 12, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "HHC is the largest municipal health system in the United States, serving 1.4 million patients—mostly low-income or working-class people on Medicaid or Medicare. About one-third are uninsured, and many are undocumented. A public benefit corporation, HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 primary care centers across New York's five boroughs."</ref> HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of New York City's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance, enrolling 670,000 city residents as of June 2022.<ref>[https://www.osc.ny.gov/reports/osdc/metroplus-health-plan-covid-19-enrollment-trends MetroPlus Health Plan: COVID-19 Enrollment Trends], [[New York State Comptroller]] [[Thomas P. DiNapoli]], September 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "MetroPlus Health Plan is a prepaid health services plan and a wholly owned subsidiary of NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H).... MetroPlus enrollment reached a record high of 670,915, an increase of 159,284 members (31 percent) between February 2020 and June 2022, the period impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1)."</ref>

HHC's facilities annually provides service to millions of New Yorkers, interpreted in more than 190 languages.<ref name="HHC2">{{cite web |title = 2014 HHC Report to the Community |url = http://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2014-hhc-report-to-the-community.pdf |access-date = March 10, 2017 |publisher = [[New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation]] }}</ref> The best-known hospital in the HHC system is [[Bellevue Hospital]], the oldest public hospital in the United States, established in 1736.<ref>Fiani, Brian; Covarrubias, Claudia; Jarrah, Ryan; Kondilis, Athanasios; and Doan, Thao M. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36041717/ "Bellevue Hospital, the Oldest Public Health Center in the United States of America"], ''[[World Neurosurgery]]'', August 28, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Bellevue Hospital is known as the oldest public hospital in the United States of America. Although its historical beginnings date back to the 1600s, it was officially founded on the second floor of the New York City Almshouse in 1736, 40 years before the American Revolution."</ref> Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the United States and other [[List of current heads of state and government|world leaders]] should they require care while in New York City.<ref name="Funding Universe Web Site">{{cite web |title = New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation History |url = http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/New-York-City-Health-and-Hospitals-Corporation-Company-History.html |access-date = October 8, 2014 |publisher = Funding Universe }}</ref>

The city banned smoking in most parts of restaurants in 1995 and prohibited smoking in bars, restaurants and places of public employment in 2003.<ref>[[Sam Roberts (journalist)|Roberts, Sam]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/07/health/dr-colin-mccord-dead.html "Colin McCord, Who Helped Impose a Smoking Ban, Dies at 94"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 7, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Dr. McCord successfully lobbied for a ban on smoking in workplaces, restaurants and bars while he was an assistant health commissioner in Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's administration. The ban, which took effect in 2003, was later expanded and replicated in jurisdictions around the world. New York had banned smoking in most restaurants in 1995, but the city continued to allow smoking in bars and the bar areas of restaurants."</ref> In August 2017, Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |first1 = Henry |last1 = Goldman |first2 = Jennifer |last2 = Kaplan |date = August 28, 2017 |title = NYC Boosts Cigarette Prices to $13, Bans Sales by Pharmacies |newspaper = [[Bloomberg.com]] |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-28/nyc-boosts-price-of-cigarettes-to-13-bans-sales-by-pharmacies |access-date = August 30, 2017 |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.]] }}</ref>{{update inline|date=July 2023}} New York City enforces a [[right to housing|right-to-shelter]] law guaranteeing shelter to anyone who needs it, regardless of their immigration, socioeconomic, or housing status, which entails providing adequate shelter and food.<ref name="NYCRightToShelter">{{cite web |author=Annie McDonough |date=August 15, 2023 |title=Could New York City's right to shelter apply statewide? |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2023/08/could-new-york-citys-right-shelter-apply-statewide/389450/ |access-date=September 9, 2023 |publisher=City & State New York}}</ref>

=== Public safety ===
{{main|New York City Police Department|New York City Fire Department|Crime in New York City|Law enforcement in New York City|}}
[[File:My_picture_of_NYPD_officers.jpg|thumb|[[New York City Police Department|New York Police Department]] (NYPD) police officers in Brooklyn]]
[[File:FDNY_Tower_Ladder_1_(897367891).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[New York City Fire Department|Fire Department of New York]] (FDNY), the largest municipal fire department in the United States]]
The [[New York City Police Department|New York Police Department]] (NYPD) is the largest police force in the United States, with more than 36,000 sworn officers, more than triple the size of the [[Chicago Police Department]].<ref>Kershner, Ellen. [https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-police-departments-in-the-us.html "The Largest Police Departments In The US"], WorldAtlas, August 3, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "Established in 1845, The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is one of the most well-known law enforcement agencies in the world. As the largest in the US, it currently has about 36,008 full-time active officers and 19,000 civilian employees.  This is almost three times as many as the country's second-largest police department in Chicago."</ref> Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, ''New York's Finest''.<ref>Williams, Keith. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/nyregion/origins-of-new-yorks-finest.html "We Know They're New York's Finest. But Why?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 4, 2017. Accessed January 17, 2024. "The Police Department's slogan also came from a phrase with military origins: “the finest police force on the planet,” an adaptation of Gen. Joseph Hooker's 1863 claim that the Union forces were 'the finest army on the planet.' A similar phrase referring to police officers appeared in The Times in 1865. The police chief George Washington Matsell promoted the nickname in the early 1870s, Mr. Popik wrote; the 1882 play 'One of the Finest' cemented the label, which was condensed to 'New York's Finest' by 1889."</ref>

The city saw a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.<ref name="Prager">{{cite magazine |first = Arthur |last = Prager |date = February–March 2006 |title = Worst-Case Scenario |url = http://www.americanheritage.com/content/worst-case-scenario |magazine = [[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]] |volume = 57 |issue = 1 |access-date = July 23, 2019 }}</ref> Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-city.pdf |title = Compstat |publisher = [[City of New York Police Department]] |access-date = July 6, 2017 }}</ref> violent crime decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.<ref name="Law">{{cite journal |title = Don't Tell New York, But Crime Is Going Up |url = http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html |volume = 28 |issue = 589, 590 |date = December 15–31, 2013 |access-date = August 20, 2011 |website = Lib.jjay.cuny.edu |publisher = [[City University of New York]] |archive-date = October 23, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023100612/https://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Stop-and-frisk in New York City|NYPD's stop-and-frisk]] program was declared unconstitutional in 2013 as a "policy of indirect [[racial profiling]]" of Black and Hispanic residents,<ref>Goldstein, Joseph. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/nyregion/stop-and-frisk-practice-violated-rights-judge-rules.html 'Judge Rejects New York's Stop-and-Frisk Policy"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 12, 2013. Accessed January 17, 2024. "But the judge, Shira A. Scheindlin, found that the Police Department resorted to a 'policy of indirect racial profiling' as it increased the number of stops in minority communities. That has led to officers' routinely stopping 'blacks and Hispanics who would not have been stopped if they were white.'"</ref> although claims of disparate impact continued in subsequent years.<ref>Katersky, Aaron; Grant, Teddy. [https://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-safety-team-making-high-number-unlawful-stops/story?id=99850699 "NYPD safety team making high number of unlawful stops, mostly people of color: Report"], ''[[ABC News]]'', June 5, 2023. January 17, 2024. "A decade after the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk tactic was deemed unconstitutional, the police are still unlawfully stopping and searching many people, particularly men of color, according to a new report issued Monday by a court-appointed monitor. The monitor, Mylan Denerstein, faulted certain units of the NYPD's Neighborhood Safety Teams (NST), which are meant to combat gun violence in high-crime areas.... Shortly after a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2013 the policy violated the Constitution, then-NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg, in an op-ed in the Washington Post, pushed back against claims that stop-and-frisk promoted racial profiling."</ref> The stop-and-frisk program had been widely credited as being behind the decline in crime, though rates continued dropping in the years after the program ended.<ref>Ehrenfreund, Max. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/22/donald-trump-claims-new-yorks-stop-and-frisk-policy-reduced-crime-the-data-disagree/ "Donald Trump claims New York's stop-and-frisk policy reduced crime. The data disagree."], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', September 22, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In 1990, there were nearly 31 homicides in the city for every 100,000 people — more than the average for other major American cities even in a year of frequent violence across the country. A decade later, that figure had declined by nearly 75 percent, to 8.4 homicides per 100,000 people. As New York police abruptly moved away from the practice of stop-and-frisk toward the end of Kelly's tenure in 2013, the rate of homicide continued to decline as it had previously."</ref><ref>Badger, Emily. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/upshot/stop-and-frisk-bloomberg.html "The Lasting Effects of Stop-and-Frisk in Bloomberg's New York"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 2, 2020, updated November 30, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In the years since Michael Bloomberg left the mayor's office in New York, the legacy of stop-and-frisk policing widely used during his administration has become clearer. Crime in the city continued to decline, suggesting that the aggressive use of police stops wasn't so essential to New York's safety after all."</ref>

The city set a record of 2,245 murders in 1990 and hit a near-70-year record low of 289 in 2018.<ref>Kanno-Youngs, Zolan. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-citys-murder-rate-hit-new-low-in-2018-11546559793 "New York City's Murder Rate Hit New Low in 2018"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', January 3, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The New York Police Department recorded 289 murders in 2018, three fewer than the 292 recorded in 2017. Mayor Bill de Blasio said it was the fewest number of homicides in nearly 70 years. Overall, major crime in the city fell by 1.3% from 97,089 to 95,844, police said. There were 2,245 people murdered in New York City in 1990."</ref> The number of murders and the rate of 3.3 per 100,000 residents in 2017 was the lowest since 1951.<ref>[https://a860-gpp.nyc.gov/concern/nyc_government_publications/05741v36b "Fewest Annual Murders and Shooting Incidents Ever Recorded in the Modern Era; Lowest per-capita murder rate since 1951"], [[New York City Police Department]], press release dated January 5, 2018. Accessed January 15, 2024. "With the close of 2017, New York City marks three new crime reduction benchmarks: the first time the total number of index crimes has fallen below 100,000; the first time the number of shooting incidents has fallen below 800; and the first time the total number of murders has fallen below 300. This reduction in murders has resulted in the lowest per-capita murder rate in nearly 70 years."</ref> New York City recorded 386 murders in 2023, a decline of 12% from the previous year.<ref>Cramer, Maria; Meko, Hurubie; and Marcius, Chelsia Rose. [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/03/nyregion/nyc-crime-2023.html "Homicides and Shootings Fell in New York City as Felony Assaults Rose"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 3, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "There were 386 homicides in 2023, a 12 percent drop from 2022."</ref><ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00098/nypd-december-2023-end-of-year-citywide-crime-statistics "NYPD Announces December 2023, End-of-Year Citywide Crime Statistics"], [[New York City Police Department]], press release dated January 4, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Murders – which rose for four consecutive years before the current administration was installed – fell by 11.9% (386 vs. 438) in 2023 compared to 2022, and by 33.3% (24 vs. 36) in December 2023, compared to the same month a year prior."</ref> New York City had [[List of cities by homicide rate|one of the lowest homicide rates among the ten largest U.S. cities]] at 5.5 per 100,000 residents in 2021, behind [[San Jose, California]], at 3.1 per 100,000.<ref>[https://www.vitalcitynyc.org/vital_signs/gun-violence-in-new-york-city-the-data "Gun Violence in New York City; The Data"], Vital City. Accessed January 17, 2024.</ref>

New York City has stricter [[Gun laws in New York|gun laws]] than most [[Gun law in the United States|other cities in the U.S.]]—a license to own any firearm is required in New York City, and the [[NY SAFE Act]] of 2013 [[Assault weapons legislation in the United States|banned assault weapons]]—and New York State had the fifth-lowest gun death rate of the states in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=States with the most gun violence share one trait |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/26/politics/gun-violence-data-what-matters/index.html |access-date=May 13, 2023 |agency=CNN}}</ref>

[[Organized crime]] has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the [[Forty Thieves (New York gang)|Forty Thieves]] and the [[Roach Guards]] in the [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by the [[Tong (organization)|Tongs]] in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in the [[American Mafia|Mafia]], dominated by the [[Five Families]], as well as in [[gang]]s, including the [[Black Spades]].<ref>{{cite web |first = Mark |last = Berkey-Gerard |url = http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/issueoftheweek/20010305/200/161 |title = Youth Gangs |work = [[Gotham Gazette]] |date = March 5, 2001 |access-date = December 2, 2021 }}</ref> The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news |first1 = Sean |last1 = Gardiner |first2 = Pervaiz |last2 = Shallwani |date = February 18, 2014 |title = NY Crime: Mafia Is Down—but Not Out – Crime Families Adapt to Survive, Lowering Profile and Using Need-to-Know Tactics |newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304626804579363363092833756 |access-date = July 8, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Seth |last = Ferranti |date = August 18, 2015 |access-date = December 2, 2021 |title = How New York Gang Culture Is Changing |url = https://www.vice.com/read/how-new-york-citys-gang-culture-is-changing-818 |magazine = [[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] }}</ref>

The [[New York City Fire Department|Fire Department of New York]] (FDNY) provides [[fire protection]], technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and [[emergency medical services]]. FDNY faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to [[List of building types|building types]] that range from wood-frame single family homes to [[High-rise|high-rise structures]], the FDNY responds to fires that occur in the [[New York City Subway]].<ref>{{cite report |title = Special Investigation Report: New York City Transit Authority Subway System Fires |url = https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=730260 |publisher = [[National Transportation Safety Board]] |date = October 23, 1985 |access-date = July 30, 2022 }}</ref> Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges. The FDNY is headquartered at [[9 MetroTech Center]] in [[Downtown Brooklyn]],<ref>{{cite web |title = 9 Metrotech Center – FDNY Headquarters |url = http://www.fmmcorp.com/p_gov5.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054305/http://www.fmmcorp.com/p_gov5.html |archive-date = January 18, 2012 |access-date = November 5, 2009 |publisher = Fresh Meadow Mechanical Corp }}</ref> and the FDNY Fire Academy is on [[Randalls and Wards Islands|Randalls Island]].<ref>{{cite web |title = FDNY Fire Academy |url = http://nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/units/fire_academy/fa_index.shtml |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141014104143/http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/units/fire_academy/fa_index.shtml |archive-date = October 14, 2014 |access-date = October 8, 2014 |work = [[New York City Fire Department]] |publisher = [[Government of New York City|The City of New York]] }}</ref>