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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text===Islam=== {{Main|Jahannam}} [[File:Muhammad and "shameless women" in Hell.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad]], along with [[Buraq]] and [[Holy Spirit (Islam)|Gabriel]], visit [[Jahannam]]. Persian, 15th century.]] [[File:The tree of Zaqqum (2012).jpg|thumb|The Tree of [[Zaqqum]] that grows in Jahannam (Hell), whose dwellers are compelled to eat the bitter fruit for eternity.]] In Islam, ''[[Jahannam]]'' (in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]]: جهنم) (related to the Hebrew word ''gehinnom'') is the counterpart to heaven and likewise divided into seven layers, both co-existing with the temporal world,<ref name="Lange 2016 Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies">{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Christian |chapter=Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies |pages=1–28 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7 |doi=10.1163/9789004301368_002 |editor1-last=Lange |editor1-first=Christian |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30121-4 }}</ref> filled with blazing fire, boiling water, and a variety of other torments for those who have been condemned to it in the hereafter. In the Quran, God declares that the fire of Jahannam is prepared for both mankind and [[jinn]].<ref>[[Qur'an 7:179]] [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/7:179 Qur'an 7:179] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232420/https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/7:179 |date=17 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>Varza, Bahram. 2016. ''Thought-Provoking Scientific Reflections on Religion''. New York: BOD Publisher</ref> After the Day of Judgment, it is to be occupied by those who do not believe in God, those who have disobeyed [[Sharia|his laws]], or rejected his [[Prophets in Islam#Prophets and messengers in Islam|messengers]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction|url=http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/|website=Religion of Islam|access-date=23 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223233105/http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> "Enemies of Islam" are sent to hell immediately upon their deaths.<ref name=RFIBA>{{cite web|title=Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htm|website=Religion Facts|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223230705/http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htm|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> [[Islamic Modernism|Muslim modernists]] downplay the vivid descriptions of hell common during Classical period, on one hand reaffirming that the afterlife must not be denied, but simultaneously asserting its exact nature remains unknown. Other modern Muslims continue the line of [[Sufism]] as an interiorized hell, combining the eschatological thoughts of [[Ibn Arabi]] and [[Rumi]] with Western philosophy.<ref name="Lange 2016 Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies"/> Although disputed by some scholars, most scholars consider jahannam to be eternal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomassen |first1=Einar |title=Islamic Hell |journal=Numen |date=2009 |volume=56 |issue=2/3 |pages=401–416 |doi=10.1163/156852709X405062 |jstor=27793798 }}</ref><ref name="Lange 2016 Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies"/> There is belief that the fire which represents the own bad deeds can already be seen during the [[Punishment of the Grave]], and that the spiritual pain caused by this can lead to purification of the soul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eslam.de/begriffe/f/feuer.htm|title = Feuer}}</ref> Not all Muslims and scholars agree whether hell is an eternal destination or whether some or all of the condemned will eventually be forgiven and allowed to enter paradise.<ref name=RFIBA/><ref name="idiot"/><ref name=religion>{{cite web|title=A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction|url=http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/|website=Religion of Islam|access-date=23 December 2014|quote=No one will come out of Hell except sinful believers who believed in the Oneness of God in this life and believed in the specific prophet sent to them (before the coming of Muhammad).|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223233105/http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref>''Muslim Scholarly Discussions on Salvation and the Fate of 'Others' '', Mohammad Hassan Khalil, p.223 ''"The Fitnah of Wealth",'' Abû Ammâr Yasir al-Qadhî</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}} Over hell, a narrow bridge called [[As-Sirāt]] is spanned. On [[Judgment Day]] one must pass over it to reach paradise, but those destined for hell will find too narrow and fall into their new abode.<ref name=EWR-421>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Religions|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Store|page=421|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421|isbn=978-1-59339-491-2|date=2008}}</ref> [[Iblis]], the temporary ruler of hell,<ref>Gordon Newby ''A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam'' Oneworld Publications 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-780-74477-3}}</ref> is thought of residing in the bottom of hell, from where he commands his hosts of infernal demons.<ref>Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-857-73063-3}} page 30</ref><ref>ANTON M. HEINEN ''ISLAMIC COSMOLOGY A STUDY OF AS-SUYUTI'S al-Hay'a as-samya fi l-hay'a as-sunmya with critical edition, translation, and commentary'' ANTON M. HEINEN BEIRUT 1982 p. 143</ref> But contrary to Christian traditions, Iblis and his infernal hosts do not wage war against God,<ref name="idiot">{{cite book|last1=Emerick|first1=Yahiya|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Islam|date=2011|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-101-55881-2|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6LQJWalzQkC&q=hell+in+islam&pg=PT97}}</ref> his enmity applies against humanity only. Further, his dominion in hell is also his punishment. Executioners of punishment are the 19 [[zabaniyya]], who have been created from the fires of hell.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surat Al-Alaq Verse 18. |url=https://quran.com/96:18 |website=quran.com |quote="96:18 {سَنَدْعُ ٱلزَّبَانِيَةَ} {١٨ } We will call the angels of Hell. CITATION NOTE: (ٱلزَّبَانِيَةَ, transliterated to Az-Zabaniya, refers to the keeper angels of Jahannam/Hell.)"}}</ref> Muhammad said that the fire of Jahannam is 70 times hotter than ordinary fire, and is much more painful than ordinary fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih Muslim 2843a |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2843a |website=sunnah.com |quote="The fire which sons of Adam burn is only one-seventieth part of the Fire of Hell. His Companions said: By Allah, even ordinary fire would have been enough (to burn people). Thereupon he said: It is sixty-nine parts in excess of (the heat of) fire in this world each of them being equivalent to their heat."}}</ref> ==== Seven stages of punishment ==== The seven gates of ''jahannam'', mentioned in the Quran, inspired [[Tafsir|Muslim exegetes]] (''tafsir'') to develop a system of seven stages of hell, analogue to the seven doors of paradise. The stages of hell get their names by seven different terms used for hell throughout the Quran. Each is assigned for a different type of sinners. The concept later accepted by Sunni authorities list the levels of hell as follows, although some stages may vary:<ref>Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam (2 Vols.): Volume 1: Foundations and Formation of a Tradition. Reflections on the Hereafter in the Quran and Islamic Religious Thought / Volume 2: Continuity and Change. The Plurality of Eschatological Representations in the Islamicate World. (2017). Niederlande: Brill. p. 174</ref><ref>A F Klein Religion Of Islam Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-136-09954-0 page 92</ref> #'''[[Gehenna|Jahannam]]''' (جهنم Gehenna) #'''Laza''' (لظى fierce blaze) #'''Hutama''' (حُطَمَة crushing fire) #'''Sa'ir''' (سعير raging fire) #'''Saqar''' (سقر scorching fire) #'''Jahim''' (جحيم furnace) #'''[[Abyss (religion)|Hawiya]]''' (هاوية infernal abyss) The highest level (''jahannam'') is traditionally thought of as a type of [[purgatory]] reserved for Muslims. Polytheism ([[shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]) is regarded as a particularly grievous sin; therefore entering Paradise is forbidden to a polytheist ''([[Shirk (Islam)|mushrik]])'' because his place is hell;<ref>see [[Quran 5:72]]: [https://quran.com/5:72 5:72] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720070539/http://quran.com/5:72 |date=20 July 2016 }}</ref> and the second lowest level (''jahim'') only after the bottomless pit for the hypocrites (''hawiyah''), who claimed aloud to believe in [[God in Islam|God]] and his messenger but in their [[Qalb|hearts]] did not.<ref name=lazarus-287>{{cite book|last1=Lazarus|first1=William P.|title=Comparative Religion For Dummies|publisher=Wiley|page=287|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTtcFiGbW2kC&pg=PA287|isbn=978-1-118-05227-3|date=2011}}</ref> =====Gatekeepers===== *'''Sukha'il''' (صوخائيل) of Jahannam *'''Tufa'il''' (طوفائيل) of Laza *'''Tafta'il''' (طفطائيل) of Sa'ir *'''Susbabil''' (صوصَابيل) of Saqar *'''Tarfatil''' (طرفاطيل) of Jahim *'''Istafatabil''' (اصطافاطابيل) of Hawiya <ref>Christiane Gruber ''The Ilkhanid Book of Ascension: A Persian-Sunni Devotional Tale'' I.B.Tauris 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-857-71809-9}} page 54</ref> ==== In the heavens ==== [[File:Maalik opens the gates of hell.jpg|thumb|Muhammad requests Malik to show him Hell during his heavenly journey. Miniature from [[The David Collection]].]] Although the earliest reports about [[Muhammad]]'s [[Isra and Mi'raj|journey through the heavens]], do not locate hell in the heavens,<ref name="Colby 2016 Fire in the Upper Heavens">{{cite book |last1=Colby |first1=Frederick |chapter=Fire in the Upper Heavens: Locating Hell in Middle Period Narratives of Muḥammad's Ascension |pages=124–143 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.12 |doi=10.1163/9789004301368_007 |editor1-last=Lange |editor1-first=Christian |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30121-4 }}</ref> only brief references about visiting hell during the journey appears. But extensive accounts about Muhammad's night journey, in the non-canonical but popular Miraj-Literature, tell about encountering the angels of hell. [[Malik]], the keeper to the gates of hell, namely appears in [[Ibn Abbas|Ibn Abbas']] [[Isra and Mi'raj]].<ref name="Lange 2016 Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies"/> The doors to hell are either in the third<ref name="Colby 2016 Fire in the Upper Heavens"/> or fifth heaven,<ref>Colby, F. S. (2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. US: State University of New York Press. p. 137</ref><ref name="Lange 2016 Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies"/> or (although only implicitly) in a heaven close [[Throne of God|God's throne]],<ref name="Colby 2016 Fire in the Upper Heavens"/> or directly after entering heaven,<ref>Colby, F. S. (2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. US: State University of New York Press. p. 138</ref> whereupon Muhammad requests a glaze at hell. [[Ibn Hisham]] gives extensive details about Muhammad visiting hell and its inhabitants punished wherein, but can only endure watching the punishments of the first layer of hell.<ref>Lange, C. (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Vereinigtes Königreich: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Muhammad meeting Malik, the Dajjal and hell, was used as a proof for Muhammad's Night Journey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Brooke Olson |title=Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns: The Legacy of the Mi'raj in the Formation of Islam |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-88524-3 }}{{page needed|date=February 2022}}</ref> ==== Beneath the earth ==== Medieval sources often identified hell with the seven earths mentioned in [[Quran 65:12]], inhabited by [[Shaitan|devils]], [[Zabaniyya|harsh angels]], scorpions and serpents, who torment the sinners. They described thorny shrubs, seas filled with blood and fire and darkness only illuminated by the flames of hell.<ref name="Lange 2016 Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies"/> One popular concept arrange the earths as follows:<ref>Miguel Asin Palacios Islam and the Divine Comedy Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-134-53650-4 page 88-89</ref><ref>Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes ''Dictionary of Islam'' Asian Educational Services 1995 {{ISBN|978-81-206-0672-2}} p. 102</ref> #'''Adim''' or '''Ramaka''' (رمکا) - the surface, on which humans, animals and [[jinn]] live on. #'''Basit''' or '''Khawfa''' (خوفا) #'''Thaqil''' or ''''Arafa''' (عرفه) - anthechamber #'''Batih''' or '''Hadna''' (حدنه) - a valley with stream of boiling sulphur. #'''Hayn''' or '''Dama''' (دمَا) #'''[[Sijjin]]''', (سجىن dungeon or prison) or '''Masika''' (sometimes, Sijjin is at the bottom) - [[Quran 83:7]] #'''[[Nar as-samum|Nar as-Samum]]''', '''[[Zamhareer]]''' or '''As-Saqar''' / '''Athara''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tottoli |first1=Roberto |last2=توتولي |first2=روبرتو |title=The Qur'an, Qur'anic Exegesis and Muslim Traditions: The Case of zamharīr (Q. 76:13) Among Hell's Punishments / القرآن والتفاسير والروايات الاسلامية: سورة الانسان آية رقم 13: الزمهرير من ألوان العقوبة في جهنم |journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies |date=2008 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=142–152 |doi=10.3366/E1465359109000291 |jstor=25728276 }}</ref> or '''Hanina''' (حنينا) - venomous wind of fire and a cold wind of ice. 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