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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text=== Pre-exposure === Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/µL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP).<ref name=Anglemyer2013>{{cite journal |vauthors=Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, Baggaley RC, Egger M, Siegfried N |title=Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=CD009153 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23633367 |pmc=4026368 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3}}</ref> TASP is associated with a 10- to 20-fold reduction in transmission risk.<ref name=Anglemyer2013/><ref name=Chou2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chou R, Selph S, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Zakher B, Blazina I, Korthuis PT |title=Screening for HIV: systematic review to update the 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=157 |issue=10 |pages=706–18 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23165662 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007|s2cid=27494096 }}</ref> [[Pre-exposure prophylaxis]] (PrEP) with a daily dose of the medications [[tenofovir]], with or without [[emtricitabine]], is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.<ref name=VagGel2012/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Owens |first1=Douglas K. |last2=Davidson |first2=Karina W. |last3=Krist |first3=Alex H. |last4=Barry |first4=Michael J. |last5=Cabana |first5=Michael |last6=Caughey |first6=Aaron B. |last7=Curry |first7=Susan J. |last8=Doubeni |first8=Chyke A. |last9=Epling |first9=John W. |last10=Kubik |first10=Martha |last11=Landefeld |first11=C. Seth |last12=Mangione |first12=Carol M. |last13=Pbert |first13=Lori |last14=Silverstein |first14=Michael |last15=Simon |first15=Melissa A. |last16=Tseng |first16=Chien-Wen |last17=Wong |first17=John B. |title=Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection |journal=JAMA |date=June 11, 2019 |volume=321 |issue=22 |pages=2203–2213 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.6390 |pmid=31184747|doi-access=free }}</ref> It may also be effective in intravenous drug users, with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Mock PA, Leethochawalit M, Chiamwongpaet S, Kitisin P, Natrujirote P, Kittimunkong S, Chuachoowong R, Gvetadze RJ, McNicholl JM, Paxton LA, Curlin ME, Hendrix CW, Vanichseni S |title=Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial |journal=The Lancet |volume=381 |issue=9883 |pages=2083–90 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23769234 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61127-7|s2cid=5831642 }}</ref> The [[USPSTF]], in 2019, recommended PrEP in those who are at high risk.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=US Preventive Services Task |first1=Force |last2=Owens |first2=DK |last3=Davidson |first3=KW |last4=Krist |first4=AH |last5=Barry |first5=MJ |last6=Cabana |first6=M |last7=Caughey |first7=AB |last8=Curry |first8=SJ |last9=Doubeni |first9=CA |last10=Epling JW |first10=Jr |last11=Kubik |first11=M |last12=Landefeld |first12=CS |last13=Mangione |first13=CM |last14=Pbert |first14=L |last15=Silverstein |first15=M |last16=Simon |first16=MA |last17=Tseng |first17=CW |last18=Wong |first18=JB |title=Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. |journal=JAMA |date=June 11, 2019 |volume=321 |issue=22 |pages=2203–2213 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.6390 |pmid=31184747|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Universal precautions]] within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings |journal=MMWR Supplements |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=1S–18S |date=August 1987 |pmid=3112554 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00023587.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709181703/https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/PREVIEW/MMWRHTML/00023587.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |author1=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)}}</ref> [[Intravenous drug use]] is an important risk factor, and [[harm reduction]] strategies such as [[needle-exchange program]]s and [[Opioid replacement therapy|opioid substitution therapy]] appear effective in decreasing this risk.<ref name=Kurth2011>{{cite journal|author4-link=Sten H. Vermund |vauthors=Kurth AE, Celum C, Baeten JM, Vermund SH, Wasserheit JN |title=Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=62–72 |date=March 2011 |pmid=20941553 |pmc=3036787 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=MacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N, Vickerman P, Deren S, Bruneau J, Degenhardt L, Hickman M |title=Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |issue=oct03 3 |page=e5945 |date=October 2012 |pmid=23038795 |pmc=3489107 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e5945}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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