Google Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Corporate affairs == === Stock price performance and quarterly earnings === Google's [[initial public offering]] (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.<ref name="IPO" /><ref name=":1" /> The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a [[market capitalization]] of more than $23 billion.<ref name="washpost" /> The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hancock |first=Jay |date=October 31, 2007 |title=Google shares hit $700 |work=The Baltimore Sun |url=http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202214534/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html |archive-date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the [[online advertising]] market.<ref name="bowlingforgoogle">{{Cite news |last=La Monica |first=Paul R. |date=May 25, 2005 |title=Bowling for Google |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm |url-status=live |access-date=February 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304043014/http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2012}}</ref> The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and [[mutual fund]]s.<ref name="bowlingforgoogle" /> GOOG shares split into GOOG [[class C share]]s and GOOGL [[class A share]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2015 |title=This could cost Google more than $500 million |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226080454/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html |archive-date=December 26, 2015 |access-date=December 30, 2015 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> The company is listed on the [[NASDAQ]] stock exchange under the [[ticker symbol]]s GOOGL and GOOG, and on the [[Frankfurt Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, {{as of|2015|8|10|alt=since the fourth quarter of 2015.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=August 10, 2015 |title=Google to become part of new company, Alphabet |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811000128/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html |archive-date=August 11, 2015}}</ref> In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vise |first=David |date=October 21, 2005 |title=Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020134416/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html |archive-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=La Monica |first=Paul R. |date=October 21, 2005 |title=All signals go for Google |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416051657/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 21, 2005 |title=Google shares jump on big profit increase |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.558678 |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223654/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.558678 |url-status=live }}</ref> For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.<ref name="10-K">{{Cite web |title=Form 10-K{{nbsp}}– Annual Report |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106152355/http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2010 |publisher=SEC}}</ref> In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.<ref name="Google-Inc-Jan-2012-10-K">{{Cite web |title=Google Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date January 26, 2012 |url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502193637/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2013 |access-date=March 8, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com}}</ref> Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating $38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fiegerman |first=Seth |date=January 22, 2013 |title=Google Has Its First $50 Billion Year |url=http://mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201014741/http://mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |access-date=November 30, 2016 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitwam |first=Ryan |date=October 18, 2013 |title=Google Beats Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results, Stock Passes $1000 Per Share |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025733/http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/ |archive-date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=March 15, 2017 |website=Android Police}}</ref> Google's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on advertisements.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 17, 2013 |title=Google earnings up 12% in third quarter even as Motorola losses deepen |work=[[The Guardian]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report |url-status=dead |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017221536/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report |archive-date=October 17, 2013}}</ref> By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown to $397 billion.<ref name="Marketwatch">{{Cite web |title=Google Overview |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/goog |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202073406/http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/GOOG |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |access-date=February 2, 2014 |website=Marketwatch}}</ref> === Tax avoidance strategies === {{Further|Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland#Multinational tax schemes|Google tax}} Google uses various [[tax avoidance]] strategies. On the [[list of largest technology companies by revenue]], it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through [[Ireland]] and the [[Netherlands]] and then to [[Bermuda]]. Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=October 22, 2010 |title=Google slips $3.1bn through 'Double Irish' tax loophole. |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706132414/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/ |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=August 10, 2017 |website=The Register}}</ref> This reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google's [[transfer pricing]] practices in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leach |first=Anna |date=October 31, 2012 |title=French gov 'plans to hand Google €1bn tax bill' – report |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104002014/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/ |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |access-date=January 2, 2013 |publisher=The Register}}</ref> In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its intellectual property holdings back to the US.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waters |first=Richard |date=January 2, 2020 |title=Google to end use of 'double Irish' as tax loophole set to close |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102131057/https://www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551 |url-status=live }}</ref> Google Vice-president [[Matt Brittin]] testified to the [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]] of the [[UK House of Commons]] that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Parnell |first=Brid-Aine |date=May 17, 2013 |title=I think you DO do evil, using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226090028/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/ |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=March 13, 2014 |publisher=The Register}}</ref> In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.<ref>{{Cite web |first=John |last=Gapper |date=January 23, 2016 |title=Google strikes £130m back tax deal |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124195612/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |access-date=January 24, 2016 |publisher=Financial Times }}</ref> In 2017, Google channeled $22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Bart |last=Meijer |date=January 3, 2019 |title=Google shifted $23 billion to tax haven Bermuda in 2017: filing |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9 |url-status=live |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103215930/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9 |archive-date=January 3, 2019 |quote=Google moved 19.9 billion euros ($22.7 billion) through a Dutch shell company to Bermuda in 2017, as part of an arrangement that allows it to reduce its foreign tax bill}}</ref> In 2013, Google ranked 5th in [[Lobbying in the United States|lobbying]] spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.<ref name="lobby1">{{Cite news |last1=Hamburger |first1=Tom |last2=Gold |first2=Matea |date=April 13, 2014 |title=Google, once disdainful of lobbying, now a master of Washington influence |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027124925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html |archive-date=October 27, 2017}}</ref> === Corporate identity === {{further|History of Google#Name|Google (verb)|Google logo|Google Doodle|List of Google April Fools' Day jokes|List of Google Easter eggs}} [[File:Google 2013 logo.svg|thumb|200px|Google's logo from 2013 to 2015]] The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "[[googol]]",<ref>{{cite web|last=Koller |first=David|title=Origin of the name, "Google." |url=http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html |access-date=May 28, 2006 |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html |url-status=dead |website=[[Stanford University]] |date=January 2004}}</ref><ref name="Hanley">Hanley, Rachael. "{{Cite web |title=From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns |url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/ |access-date=February 15, 2010 |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111017/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/ |url-status=dead }}." ''[[The Stanford Daily]].'' February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010.</ref> which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on [[PageRank]]:<ref name="originalpaper">{{Cite journal |last1=Brin |first1=Sergey |author-link=Sergey Brin |last2=Page |first2=Lawrence |author-link2=Larry Page |year=1998 |title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine |url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=30 |issue=1–7 |pages=107–117 |citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930 |doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X |s2cid=7587743 |issn=0169-7552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |access-date=April 7, 2019}}</ref> "We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10<sup>100</sup>[,] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the ''[[Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary|Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Scott D. |date=July 7, 2006 |title=Dictionary adds verb: to google |work=San Jose Mercury News |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=July 7, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206065348/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bylund |first=Anders |date=July 5, 2006 |title=To Google or Not to Google |work=[[The Motley Fool]] |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 7, 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20060707062623/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/ |archive-date=July 7, 2006 |via=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Google's [[mission statement]], from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Google has 'outgrown' its 14-year old mission statement, says Larry Page |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326053031/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and its unofficial slogan is "[[Don't be evil]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2012 |title=Google Code of Conduct |url=https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211223917/https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=Alphabet Investor Relations |publisher=Alphabet Inc.}}</ref> In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=October 2, 2015 |title=Alphabet replaces Google's 'Don't be evil' with 'Do the right thing' |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701225925/https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/ |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet. The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Happy Birthday Google! |publisher=ndtv.com |agency=NDTV Convergence Limited |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345 |url-status=live |access-date=April 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407042748/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345 |archive-date=April 7, 2019}}</ref> {{As of|1998|since=y|post=,}} Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first [[Google Doodle]] was in honor of the [[Burning Man|Burning Man Festival]] of 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doodle 4 Google |url=https://www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427143948/http://www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 1998 |title=Burning Man Festival |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/burning-man-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425051111/https://www.google.com/doodles/burning-man-festival |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2014}}</ref> The doodle was designed by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]] to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-[[intern]] [[Dennis Hwang]] to design a logo for [[Bastille Day]] in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2014 |title=Meet the people behind the Google Doodles |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006222909/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo |archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> Google has a tradition of creating [[April Fools' Day]] jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000, was [[Google's hoaxes#2000|Google MentalPlex]] which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.<ref name="mentalplex">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2000 |title=Google MentalPlex |url=https://www.google.com/mentalplex/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921223048/http://www.google.com/mentalplex/ |archive-date=September 21, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called [[TiSP]], or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a [[optical fiber|fiber-optic]] cable down their toilet.<ref name="TiSP">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2007 |title=Welcome to Google TiSP |url=https://www.google.com/tisp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709034300/http://www.google.com/tisp/ |archive-date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> Google's services contain [[Easter egg (media)|easter eggs]], such as the [[Swedish Chef]]'s "Bork bork bork," [[Pig Latin]], "Hacker" or [[leet]]speak, [[Elmer Fudd]], [[International Talk Like a Pirate Day|Pirate]], and [[Klingon language|Klingon]] as language selections for its search engine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Tools |url=https://www.google.com/language_tools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522220537/http://www.google.com/language_tools |archive-date=May 22, 2009 |access-date=July 4, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> When searching for the word "[[anagram]]," meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"<ref>{{Cite web |title=anagram search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=anagram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624205429/http://www.google.com/search?q=anagram |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |access-date=September 22, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan and author [[technical documentation]] better.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/tech-writing|website=developers.google.com|title=Technical Writing Courses|access-date=February 27, 2023|archive-date=March 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326074732/https://developers.google.com/tech-writing|url-status=live}}</ref> === Workplace culture{{Anchor|Innovation Time Off|Employees}} === [[File:Pride in London 2016 - Google participating in the parade.png|alt=|thumb|Google employees marching in the [[Pride in London]] parade in 2016]] On ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,<ref name="best_company">{{Cite journal |last1=Levering |first1=Robert |last2=Moskowitz |first2=Milton |date=January 22, 2007 |editor-last=Serwer |editor-first=Andrew |title=In good company |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm |url-status=live |journal=Fortune Magazine |volume=155 |issue=1 |pages=94–6, 100, 102 passim |pmid=17256628 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301175257/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2010 |access-date=June 19, 2010 |editor1-link=Andrew Serwer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Levering |first1=Robert |last2=Moskowitz |first2=Milton |date=February 4, 2008 |editor-last=Serwer |editor-first=Andrew |title=The 2008 list |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html |url-status=live |journal=Fortune Magazine |volume=157 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223729/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html |archive-date=July 23, 2010 |access-date=June 19, 2010 |editor1-link=Andrew Serwer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The 2012 list |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/ |url-status=live |journal=Fortune Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031135647/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/ |archive-date=October 31, 2012 |access-date=February 26, 2012}}</ref> and fourth in 2009 and 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Levering |first1=Robert |last2=Moskowitz |first2=Milton |date=February 2, 2009 |editor-last=Serwer |editor-first=Andrew |title=The 2009 list |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html |url-status=live |journal=Fortune Magazine |volume=159 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726042849/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html |archive-date=July 26, 2010 |access-date=June 19, 2010 |editor1-link=Andrew Serwer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Levering |first1=Robert |last2=Moskowitz |first2=Milton |date=February 8, 2010 |editor-last=Serwer |editor-first=Andrew |title=The 2010 list |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/ |url-status=live |journal=Fortune Magazine |volume=161 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618125312/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/ |archive-date=June 18, 2010 |access-date=June 19, 2010 |editor1-link=Andrew Serwer}}</ref> Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2010 |title=The World's Most Attractive Employers 2010 |url=http://www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112131208/http://www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50 |archive-date=November 12, 2010 |access-date=October 28, 2010 |publisher=Universum Global}}</ref> Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "you can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Philosophy |url=https://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709041157/http://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html |archive-date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=June 20, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> {{As of|2020|9|30|df=US|post=,}} Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabet Q3 2020 10-Q Report |url=https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201230042646/https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=December 30, 2020 |website=Alphabet Inc.}}</ref> of which more than 100,000 worked for Google.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Wakabayashi |first=Daisuke |date=May 28, 2019 |title=Google's Shadow Work Force: Temps Who Outnumber Full-Time Employees (Published 2019) |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218055115/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Google's {{as of|2020|||alt=2020}} diversity report states that 32 percent of its workforce are women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nieva |first1=Richard |last2=Carson |first2=Erin |date=May 5, 2020 |title=Google's diversity numbers show incremental progress |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/ |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230195450/https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of leadership roles were held by women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Google Diversity Annual Report 2020 |url=https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216005455/https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866 |archive-date=December 16, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=Google}}</ref> In addition to its 100,000+ full-time employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, {{As of|2019|March|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name=":0" /> Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wakabayashi |first=Daisuke |date=September 8, 2017 |title=Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women |work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926095602/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html |archive-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as [[Innovation Time Off]], where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, [[Google News]], [[Orkut]], and [[AdSense]], originated from these independent endeavors.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mediratta |first1=Bharat |last2=Bick |first2=Julie |date=October 21, 2007 |title=The Google Way: Give Engineers Room |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402201354/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In a talk at Stanford University, [[Marissa Mayer]], Google's vice-president of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg |title=Marissa Mayer at Stanford University |date=June 30, 2006 |last=Mayer |first=Marissa (speaker) |type=Seminar |publisher=Martin Lafrance |time=11:33 |access-date=June 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816150501/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg |archive-date=August 16, 2010 |url-status=live |quote=Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20% time.}}</ref> In 2005, articles in ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivlin |first=Gary |date=August 24, 2005 |title=Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403014314/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html |archive-date=April 3, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Utz |first=Richard |date=2013 |title=The Good Corporation? Google's Medievalism and Why It Matters |journal=Studies in Medievalism |volume=23 |pages=21–28|doi=10.1515/9781782041160-005 |isbn=978-1-78204-116-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gibson |first1=Owen |last2=Wray |first2=Richard |date=August 25, 2005 |title=Search giant may outgrow its fans |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp |url-status=live |access-date=November 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517075346/http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp |archive-date=May 17, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranka |first=Mohit |date=May 17, 2007 |title=Google – Don't Be Evil |url=http://www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706224751/http://www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |access-date=November 27, 2010 |publisher=OSNews}}</ref> In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.<ref name="CCO">{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Elinor |date=April 30, 2007 |title=Google's culture czar |url=http://www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031155723/http://www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2010 |access-date=November 27, 2010 |website=ZDNet}}</ref> Google has also faced allegations of [[sexism]] and [[ageism]] from former employees.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kawamoto |first=Dawn |date=July 27, 2005 |title=Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit |work=[[CNET]] |publisher=CBS Interactive |url=http://news.cnet.com/Google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/2100-1030_3-5807158.html?tag=nl |access-date=November 27, 2010 |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017004134/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2007 |title=Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/google-accused-of-ageism-in-reinstated-lawsuit-1.259152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011205140/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071006/google_old_071006/20071006 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=ctv.ca}}</ref> In 2013, a [[High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation|class action against]] several [[Silicon Valley]] companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenblatt |first=Seth |date=May 16, 2014 |title=Judge approves first payout in antitrust wage-fixing lawsuit |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202030937/https://www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/ |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=CBS Interactive}}</ref> In a lawsuit filed January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google discriminated against a class defined by their "conservative political views[,] male gender[,] and/or [...] Caucasian or Asian race".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Damore, et al. v. Google – FAC |url=https://www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=www.dhillonlaw.com |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706181339/https://www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google employees, Alpha Global, was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Unions Announce Global Alliance: "Together, we will change Alphabet" |url=https://www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=UNI Global Union |language=en |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125135902/https://www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal |url-status=dead }}</ref> The coalition is made up of "13 different unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United States, [the] United Kingdom, and Switzerland."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Schiffer |first=Zoe |date=January 25, 2021 |title=Exclusive: Google workers across the globe announce international union alliance to hold Alphabet accountable |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125114814/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance |url-status=live }}</ref> The group is affiliated with the [[UNI Global Union]], which represents nearly 20 million international workers from various unions and federations. The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace culture.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghaffary |first=Shirin |date=September 9, 2019 |title=Dozens of Google employees say they were retaliated against for reporting harassment |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212540/https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Google had previously been accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a workers union.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Rema |date=December 2, 2020 |title=Google illegally surveilled and fired organizers, NLRB complaint alleges |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125153854/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020, Google ran an anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees) that unions suck".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Had Secret Project to 'Convince' Employees 'That Unions Suck'|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=www.vice.com|date=January 10, 2022|language=en|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110150222/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck|url-status=live}}</ref> === Office locations <span class="anchor" id="Office locations and headquarters"></span> === {{Further|Googleplex}} [[File:111 Eighth Avenue.jpg|alt=|thumb|Google's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team.]] [[File:Google at 111 Richmond Street West in Toronto (cropped).jpg|thumb|Google's [[Toronto]] office]] Google's headquarters in [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], California is referred to as "the [[Googleplex]]", a play on words on the number [[googolplex]] and the headquarters itself being a ''complex'' of buildings. Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google: Our Offices |url=https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726014216/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |access-date=April 19, 2018}}</ref> In 2006, Google moved into about {{convert|300000|sqft|m2|-2}} of office space at [[111 Eighth Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. The office was designed and built specially for Google, and houses its largest advertising sales team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reardon |first=Marguerite |date=October 11, 2006 |title=Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012171317/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/ |archive-date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2017 |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> In 2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarter, in a deal that valued the property at around $1.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Peter |date=December 3, 2010 |title=Google to Buy New York Office Building |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010041640/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418 |archive-date=October 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gustin |first=Sam |date=December 22, 2010 |title=Google buys giant New York building for $1.9 billion |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102101149/https://www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/ |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |access-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, Google's parent company Alphabet bought the nearby [[Chelsea Market]] building for $2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Google buys NYC's Chelsea Market building for $2.4 bn |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184159/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html |archive-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google bought Manhattan's Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion – TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608214250/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/ |archive-date=June 8, 2018 |access-date=June 1, 2018 |website=techcrunch.com |date=March 20, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Reuters]] |title=Google closes $2.4 billion Chelsea Market deal to expand New York... |language=en-US |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U |url-status=live |access-date=June 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527003159/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U |archive-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 9, 2018 |title=Report: Alphabet Is Buying Chelsea Market for Over $2B |language=en-GB |work=PCMag UK |url=http://uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b |url-status=live |access-date=June 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210609/http://uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b |archive-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Douglas |last1=MacMillan |first2=Eliot |last2=Brown |first3=Peter |last3=Grant |title=Google Plans Large New York City Expansion |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579 |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108182715/https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579 |archive-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref> The same December, it was announced that a $1 billion, {{convert|1,700,000|ft2|m2|adj=on}} headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan's [[Hudson Square]] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Google To Build New $1 Billion Campus In NYC |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217165433/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/ |archive-date=December 17, 2018 |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=CBS New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gartenberg |first=Chaim |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Google announces a new $1 billion NYC campus in Hudson Square |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217203157/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date |archive-date=December 17, 2018 |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chappell |first=Bill |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Google Will Spend $1 Billion For New York City Campus On Hudson River |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river |url-status=live |access-date=December 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217211911/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river |archive-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref> By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weier |first=Mary Hayes |date=October 24, 2007 |title=Inside Google's Michigan Office |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503233009/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809 |archive-date=May 3, 2008 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=[[InformationWeek]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]]}}</ref> In November 2006, Google opened offices on [[Carnegie Mellon]]'s campus in [[Pittsburgh]], focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and [[smartphone applications]] and programs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Google Completes Pittsburgh Office, Holds Open House |publisher=[[WTAE TV|WTAE]] |url=http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html |url-status=dead |access-date=January 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515115505/http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html |archive-date=May 15, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olson |first=Thomas |date=December 8, 2010 |title=Google search: Tech-minded workers |url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603080308/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=December 8, 2010 |publisher=[[Trib Total Media]]}}</ref> Other office locations in the U.S. include [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Austin, Texas]]; [[Boulder, Colorado]]; [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]; [[San Francisco]], [[California]]; [[Seattle, Washington]]; [[Kirkland, Washington]]; [[Birmingham, Michigan]]; [[Reston, Virginia]], [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google locations |url=https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815024220/https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/ |archive-date=August 15, 2013 |access-date=March 16, 2016}}</ref> and [[Madison, Wisconsin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2019 |title=Xconomy: Google's Madison Expansion to Triple Size of Local Offices |url=https://xconomy.com/wisconsin/2019/01/31/googles-madison-expansion-to-triple-size-of-local-offices/ |access-date=August 5, 2021 |website=Xconomy |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Google Headquarters in Ireland Building Sign.jpg|thumb|Google's Dublin Ireland office, headquarters of Google Ads for Europe]] It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely [[Sydney]] (birthplace location of [[Google Maps]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney |url=https://careers.google.com/locations/sydney/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505110757/https://careers.google.com/locations/sydney/ |archive-date=May 5, 2017 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |website=Google Careers}}</ref> and [[London]] (part of Android development).<ref>{{Cite web |title=London |url=https://careers.google.com/locations/london/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214074855/https://careers.google.com/locations/london/ |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |website=Google Careers}}</ref> In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new [[London]] headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in January,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirani |first=Leo |date=November 1, 2013 |title=Inside Google's new 1-million-square-foot London office—three years before it's ready |url=https://qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025208/https://qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/ |archive-date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=March 15, 2017 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |publisher=[[Atlantic Media]]}}</ref> Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the [[Camden London Borough Council|Camden Council]] in June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=June 1, 2017 |title=Google's new London HQ is a 'landscraper' with a rooftop garden |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603164958/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross |archive-date=June 3, 2017 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brian |first=Matt |date=June 1, 2017 |title=Google's 'innovative' new London HQ features giant moving blinds |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604003356/https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/ |archive-date=June 4, 2017 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own campus in [[Hyderabad]], India. The new campus, reported to be the company's largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118040601/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/ |archive-date=November 18, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2015 |title=Google's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US |url=http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118003932/http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html |archive-date=November 18, 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=[[Network 18]]}}</ref> Google's Global Offices sum a total of 85 Locations worldwide,<ref name="Google world office locations">{{Cite web |title=Google world office locations |url=https://about.google/locations/ |access-date=May 29, 2021 |website=Google |archive-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528153612/https://about.google/locations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with 32 offices in North America, 3 of them in [[Canada]] and 29 in [[United States]] Territory, [[California]] being the state with the most Google's offices with 9 in total including the [[Googleplex]]. In the [[Latin America]] Region Google counts with 6 offices, in Europe 24 (3 of them in [[United Kingdom|UK]]), the [[Asia-Pacific|Asia Pacific]] region counts with 18 offices principally 4 in [[India]] and 3 in [[China]], and the [[Africa]] [[Middle East]] region counts 5 offices. ==== North America ==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! SN !! City !! Country or US State |- | 1. || [[Ann Arbor]] ||{{flag|Michigan}} |- | 2. || [[Atlanta]] ||{{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}} |- | 3. || [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] ||{{flag|Texas}} |- | 4. || [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] ||{{flag|Colorado}} |- | 5. || Boulder – Pearl Place ||{{flag|Colorado}} |- | 6. || Boulder – Walnut ||{{flag|Colorado}} |- | 7. || [[Cambridge]] ||{{flag|Massachusetts}} |- | 8. || [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]] ||{{flag|North Carolina}} |- | 9. || [[Chicago]] – Carpenter ||{{flag|Illinois}} |- | 10.|| Chicago – Fulton Market ||{{flag|Illinois}} |- | 11.|| [[Detroit]] ||{{flag|Michigan}} |- | 12.|| [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 13.|| [[Kirkland, Washington|Kirkland]] ||{{flag|Washington}} |- | 14.|| [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]] ||{{CAN}} |- | 15.|| [[Los Angeles]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 16.|| [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] ||{{flag|Wisconsin}} |- | 17.|| [[Miami]] ||{{flag|Florida}} |- | 18.|| [[Montreal]] ||{{CAN}} |- | 19.|| [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 20.|| [[New York City|New York]] ||{{flag|New York}} |- | 21.|| [[Pittsburgh]] ||{{flag|Pennsylvania}} |- | 22.|| [[Playa Vista]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 23.|| [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] ||{{flag|Oregon}} |- | 24.|| [[Redwood City]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 25.|| [[Reston, Virginia|Reston]] ||{{flag|Virginia}} |- | 26.|| [[San Bruno]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 27.|| [[San Diego]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 28.|| [[Mountain View, California|San Francisco]] – '''[[Googleplex|HQ]]''' || {{flag|California}} |- | 29.|| [[Seattle]] ||{{flag|Washington}} |- | 30.|| [[Sunnyvale]] ||{{flag|California}} |- | 31.|| [[Toronto]] || {{CAN}} |- | 32.|| [[Washington DC]] ||{{flag|District of Columbia}} |} ==== Latin America ==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! SN !! City !! Country |- | 1. || [[Belo Horizonte]] || {{BRA}} |- | 2. || [[Bogotá]] ||{{COL}} |- | 3. || [[Buenos Aires]] ||{{ARG}} |- | 4. || [[Mexico City]] ||{{MEX}} |- | 5. || [[Santiago]] ||{{CHL}} |- | 6. || [[São Paulo]] || {{BRA}} |} ==== Europe ==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! SN !! City !! Country |- | 1. || [[Aarhus]] || {{DNK}} |- | 2. || [[Amsterdam]] ||{{NED}} |- | 3. || [[Athens]] ||{{GRE}} |- | 4. || [[Berlin]] || {{GER}} |- | 5. || [[Brussels]] ||{{BEL}} |- | 6. || [[Copenhagen]] || {{DNK}} |- | 7. || [[Dublin]] || {{IRL}} |- | 8. || [[Hamburg]] || {{GER}} |- | 9. || [[Lisbon]] || {{POR}} |- | 10.|| [[London]] – 6PS || {{UK}} |- | 11.|| London – BEL || {{UK}} |- | 12.|| London – CSG || {{UK}} |- | 13.|| [[Madrid]] || {{ESP}} |- | 14.|| [[Milan]] || {{ITA}} |- | 15.|| [[Moscow]] || {{RUS}} |- | 16.|| [[Munich]] || {{GER}} |- | 17.|| [[Oslo]] || {{NOR}} |- | 18.|| [[Paris]] || {{FRA}} |- | 19.|| [[Prague]] || {{CZE}} |- | 20.|| [[Stockholm]] || {{SWE}} |- | 21.|| [[Vienna]] || {{AUT}} |- | 22.|| [[Warsaw]] || {{POL}} |- | 23.|| [[Wrocław]] || {{POL}} |- | 24.|| [[Zürich]] – BRA || {{CHE}} |- | 25.|| Zürich – EUR || {{CHE}} |} ==== Asia–Pacific ==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! SN !! City !! Country |- | 1. || [[Auckland]] || {{NZL}} |- | 2. || [[Bangalore]] || {{IND}} |- | 3. || [[Bangkok]] || {{THA}} |- | 4. || [[Beijing]] || {{CHN}} |- | 5. || [[Guangzhou]] || {{CHN}} |- | 6. || [[Gurgaon]] || {{IND}} |- | 7. || [[Hong Kong]] || {{HKG}} |- | 8. || [[Hyderabad]] || {{IND}} |- | 9. || [[Jakarta]] || {{IDN}} |- | 10. || [[Kuala Lumpur]] || {{MYS}} |- | 11. || [[Manila]] || {{PHL}} |- | 12. || [[Melbourne]] || {{AUS}} |- | 13. || [[Mumbai]] || {{IND}} |- | 14. || [[Seoul]] || {{KOR}} |- | 15. || [[Shanghai]] || {{CHN}} |- | 16. || [[Singapore]] || {{SGP}} |- | 17. || [[Sydney]] || {{AUS}} |- | 18. || [[Taipei]] || {{TWN}} |- | 19. || [[Tokyo]] – RPG || {{JPN}} |- | 20. || Tokyo – STRM || {{JPN}} |} ==== Africa and the Middle East ==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! SN !! City !! Country |- | 1.|| [[Dubai]] || {{UAE}} |- | 2.|| [[Haifa]] || {{ISR}} |- | 3.|| [[Istanbul]] || {{TUR}} |- | 4.|| [[Johannesburg]] || {{ZAF}} |- | 5.|| [[Tel Aviv]] || {{ISR}} |} === Infrastructure === {{Further|Google data centers}} Google has data centers in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Asia]], and [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data center locations |url=https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517162154/https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=May 17, 2018}}</ref> There is no official data on the number of [[Server (computing)|servers]] in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm [[Gartner]] estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2017 |title=How Many Servers Does Google Have? |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217073018/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq |archive-date=February 17, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2018 |website=Data Center Knowledge}}</ref> Traditionally, Google relied on [[parallel computing]] on commodity hardware like mainstream [[x86]] computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2003 |title=Google's Secret: 'Cheap and Fast' Hardware |url=https://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182753/http://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=May 26, 2018 |website=PCWorld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barroso |first1=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |issn=0272-1732 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs. |s2cid=15886858}}</ref><ref name="CNET2009">{{Cite news |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Google uncloaks once-secret server |work=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606105133/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/ |archive-date=June 6, 2018 |quote=Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option, he added. "Ten years ago...it was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can't run it on a [[mainframe server|mainframe]]. The margins just don't work out," he said.}}</ref> In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.<ref name="CNET2009" /> Google has built its own private [[submarine communications cable]]s. The first cable, named Curie, connects [[California]] with [[Chile]] and was completed on November 15, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Submarine Networks |url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=Submarine Networks |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041348/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 6, 2019 |title=Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the most important part of the internet |language=en-US |work=VentureBeat |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425024849/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=April 24, 2019 |title=How Google is building its huge subsea cable infrastructure |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163121/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] with [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Google announces Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe with Africa |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125060941/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/ |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref> The company's fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in [[New York (state)|New York, US]], [[Bude]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]], and is expected to become operational in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lardinois |first=Frederic |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Google is building a new private subsea cable between Europe and the US |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231052511/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/ |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> === Environment === In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of [[solar panel]]s to provide up to 1.6 [[MegaWatt|Megawatt]] of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.<ref name="solar">{{Cite news |last=Marshall |first=Matt |date=October 16, 2006 |title=Google builds largest solar installation in U.S. — oh, and bigger than Microsoft's |work=[[VentureBeat]] |url=https://venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506164701/https://venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thangham |first=Chris V. |date=June 19, 2007 |title=Google Solar Panels Produced 9,810 Kilowatt-hours of Electricity in 24 Hours |work=Digital Journal |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545 |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126000251/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545 |url-status=live }}</ref> The system is the largest [[rooftop photovoltaic power station]] constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.<ref name="solar" /> {{As of|2007|since=y|post=,}} Google has aimed for [[carbon neutrality]] in regard to its operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGrath |first=Jack |date=May 18, 2011 |title=Google's Green Initiative: Environmentally Conscious Technology |url=http://www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012172247/http://www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/ |archive-date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |newspaper=TechnoBuffalo}}</ref> Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a [[nuclear power plant]]. Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glanz |first=James |date=September 8, 2011 |title=Google Details, and Defends, Its Use of Electricity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053616/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2010, [[Google Energy]] made its first investment in a [[renewable energy]] project, putting $38.8 million into two [[wind farm]]s in [[North Dakota]]. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Morrison |first1=Scott |last2=Sweet |first2=Cassandra |date=May 4, 2010 |title=Google Invests in Two Wind Farms |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394 |url-status=live |access-date=November 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213232857/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394 |archive-date=February 13, 2015}}</ref> In February 2010, the [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]] granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Google Energy can now buy and sell energy |work=Cnet.com |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919091407/http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html |archive-date=September 19, 2013}}</ref> The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Todd |last=Woody |date=September 18, 2013 |title=Google is on the way to quietly becoming an electric utility |work=Quartz |url=http://qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921050811/http://qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an [[Iowa]] wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of power for 20 years.<ref name="wind energy">{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2010 |title=Google buys power from Iowa wind farm |url=http://news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105061730/http://news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss |archive-date=January 5, 2012 |access-date=October 26, 2010 |website=News.techworld.com}}</ref> In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and offices. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hölzle |first=Urs |date=December 6, 2016 |title=We're set to reach 100% renewable energy — and it's just the beginning |url=https://blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208102229/https://www.blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/ |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=The Keyword Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=December 6, 2016 |title=Google just notched a big victory in the fight against climate change |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208001307/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etherington |first=Darrell |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Google says it will hit 100% renewable energy by 2017 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164915/https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/ |archive-date=December 7, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made the firm reach [[100% renewable energy]]. The wind energy comes from two power plants in [[South Dakota]], one in Iowa and one in [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Grace |date=November 30, 2017 |title=Google Just Bought Enough Wind Power to Run 100% On Renewable Energy |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |url=http://fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201172833/http://fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref> In September 2019, Google's chief executive announced plans for a $2 billion wind and solar investment, the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will grow their green energy profile by 40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the company said.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jillian |last=Ambrose |date=September 20, 2019 |title=Google signs up to $2bn wind and solar investment |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment |access-date=September 25, 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925001424/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its carbon emissions since the company's foundation in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=September 15, 2020 |title=Facebook and Google announce plans to become carbon neutral |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209182453/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> It also stated that it is committed to operating its data centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2020 |title=Google aims to run on carbon-free energy by 2030 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210191711/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=[[CNBC]]|language=en}}</ref> In October 2020, the company pledged to make the packaging for its hardware products 100% plastic-free and 100% recyclable by 2025. It also said that all its final assembly manufacturing sites will achieve a [[UL (safety organization)|UL]] 2799 [[Zero waste#Corporate initiatives|Zero Waste to Landfill]] certification by 2022 by ensuring that the vast majority of waste from the manufacturing process is recycled instead of ending up in a landfill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoon |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Google will ditch plastic packaging by 2025 |url=https://9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104130117/https://9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/ |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=[[9to5Google]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Climate change denial and misinformation ==== Google donates to [[climate change denial]] political groups including the [[State Policy Network]] and the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirchgaessner |first=Stephanie |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Revealed: Google made large contributions to climate change deniers |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/google-contributions-climate-change-deniers |access-date=February 7, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirchgaessner |first=Stephanie |date=October 11, 2019 |title=The obscure law that explains why Google backs climate deniers |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/obscure-law-google-climate-deniers-section-230 |access-date=February 7, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The company also actively funds and profits from climate [[disinformation]] by monetizing ad spaces on most of the largest climate disinformation sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Ad Platforms Profit Off Climate Disinformation (And Fund It, Too) |url=https://foe.org/news/dewey-ad-report/ |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=Friends of the Earth |date=October 20, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Google continued to monetize and profit from sites propagating climate disinformation even after the company updated their policy to prohibit placing their ads on similar sites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2022 |title=Briefing Note: Programmatic Digital Advertisements and Climate Disinformation |url=https://foeus.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Briefing-Note-Programmatic-Digital-Ads-and-Disinfo.pdf |publisher=Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD)}}</ref> === Philanthropy === {{Main|Google.org}} In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.<ref name="philanthropy">{{Cite web |title=About the Foundation |url=http://www.google.org/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714080922/http://www.google.org/about.html |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |access-date=July 16, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> The mission of the organization is to create [[Climate change education|awareness about climate change]], global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable [[plug-in hybrid]] [[electric vehicle]] that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired [[Larry Brilliant]] as the program's executive director in 2004<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hafner |first=Katie |date=September 14, 2006 |title=Philanthropy Google's Way: Not the Usual |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723065526/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html |archive-date=July 23, 2016 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and Megan Smith has {{as of|2009|2|23|alt=since}} replaced him as director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helft |first=Miguel |date=February 23, 2009 |title=Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422112540/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In March 2007, in partnership with the [[Mathematical Sciences Research Institute]] (MSRI), Google hosted the first [[Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival]] at its headquarters in Mountain View.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2007 |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ |access-date=April 28, 2018 |archive-date=November 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120090220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ |url-status=dead }} [[Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival]] at Google was the founding of this event for middle school and high school students. video</ref> In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Duffy |first=Jill |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Mathletes Receive €1M Donation from Google |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234649/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2011 |title=Google donating 1 million euros to IMO |url=https://www.imo2011.nl/node/39 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724154518/https://www.imo2011.nl/node/39 |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=February 4, 2011}}</ref> In July 2012, Google launched a "[[Legalize Love]]" campaign in support of [[gay rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2012 |title=Google launches 'Legalise Love' gay rights campaign |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819044558/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/ |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |access-date=September 9, 2014 |website=PinkNews.co.uk}}</ref> In 2008, Google announced its "project 10<sup>100</sup>", which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project 10 to the 100th |url=http://www.project10tothe100.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728234553/http://www.project10tothe100.com/ |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=July 16, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> After two years of no update, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Van Burskirk |first=Elliot |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Google Struggles to Give Away $10 million |work=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831172215/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/ |archive-date=August 31, 2010}}</ref> Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Twohill |first=Lorraine |date=September 24, 2010 |title=$10 million for Project 10^100 winners |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926020623/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html |archive-date=September 26, 2010 |access-date=September 26, 2010 |publisher=Google, Inc.}}</ref> Responding to the humanitarian crisis after the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Google announced a $15 million donation to support Ukrainian citizens.<ref>{{cite news |language = en |url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/google-donates-15-mn-in-relief-to-ukraine-blocks-rt-sputnik-on-youtube-122030200492_1.html |title =Google donates $15 mn in relief to Ukraine, blocks RT, Sputnik on YouTube |newspaper = Business Standard India |publisher =Business Standard |date = March 2, 2022 |accessdate = March 8, 2022}}</ref> The company also decided to transform its office in Warsaw into a help center for refugees.<ref>{{cite web |author=Amiah Taylor |language = en |url = https://fortune.com/2022/03/07/google-poland-office-ukraine-aid-russia-invasion/ |title =Google transforms Poland office into help center for Ukrainian refugees |publisher = Fortune |date = March 7, 2022 |accessdate = March 8, 2022}}</ref> Also in February 2022, Google announced a $100 million fund to expand skills training and job placement for low-income Americans, in conjunction with non-profits [[Year Up]], [[Social Finance (consultancy)|Social Finance]], and Merit America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/business/google-training-program.html|title=Google Creates $100 Million Fund for Skills Training Program|first=Steve|last=Lohr|work=The New York Times |date=February 17, 2022|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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