Crusades

===Decline and fall of the Crusader States===
[[Image:1291 siège d'Acre.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Siege of Acre (1291)|Siege of Acre]] depicted in ''[[Matthew of Clermont|Matthieu de Clermont]] défend [[Ptolemais in Phoenicia|Ptolémaïs]] en 1291'', by [[Dominique Papety]] at [[Salles des Croisades]] in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]]]
{{main|Fall of Outremer}}
The years 1272–1302 include numerous conflicts throughout the Levant as well as the Mediterranean and Western European regions, and many crusades were proposed to free the Holy Land from [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] control. These include ones of [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]], [[Charles I of Anjou]] and [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]], none of which came to fruition. The major players fighting the Muslims included the kings of England and France, the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], the three [[Military orders of the Crusades|Military Orders]] and [[Ilkhanate|Mongol Ilkhanate]]. The end of Western European presence in the Holy Land was sealed with the [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|fall of Tripoli]] and their subsequent defeat at the [[Siege of Acre (1291)|siege of Acre]] in 1291. The Christian forces managed to survive until the final [[fall of Ruad]] in 1302.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=387–426|loc=The Fall of Acre}}

The Holy Land would no longer be the focus of the West even though various crusades were proposed in the early years of the fourteenth century. The Knights Hospitaller would [[Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes|conquer Rhodes]] from Byzantium, making it the center of their activity for a hundred years. The Knights Templar, the elite fighting force in the kingdom, was disbanded. The Mongols converted to Islam, but [[Ilkhanate#Disintegration (1316–1357)|disintegrated]] as a fighting force. The Mamluk sultanate would continue for another century. The Crusades to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land were over.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=638–656|loc=The Holy Land Reclaimed}}