Christian denomination

==== Second Great Awakening ====
{{Main|Second Great Awakening|Restorationism|Restoration Movement}}
The Stone-Campbell [[Restoration Movement]] began on the American frontier during the [[Second Great Awakening]] (1790–1870) of the early 19th century. The movement sought to restore the church and "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the church of the New Testament."<ref name="I Just Want to Be a Christian">[[Rubel Shelly]], ''I Just Want to Be a Christian'', 20th Century Christian, Nashville, Tennessee 1984, {{ISBN|0-89098-021-7}}</ref>{{rp|54}} Members do not identify as [[Protestant]] but simply as Christian.<ref>"The church of Jesus Christ is non-denominational. It is neither Catholic, Jewish nor Protestant. It was not founded in 'protest' of any institution, and it is not the product of the 'Restoration' or 'Reformation.' It is the product of the seed of the kingdom (Luke 8:11ff) grown in the hearts of men." V. E. Howard, ''What Is the Church of Christ?'' 4th Edition (Revised), 1971, page 29</ref><ref name="Neither Catholic, Protestant nor Jew">Batsell Barrett Baxter and Carroll Ellis, ''Neither Catholic, Protestant nor Jew'', tract, Church of Christ (1960) ASIN: B00073CQPM. According to Richard Thomas Hughes in ''Reviving the Ancient Faith: The Story of Churches of Christ in America,'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1996 ({{ISBN|0-8028-4086-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4086-8}}), this is "arguably the most widely distributed tract ever published by the Churches of Christ or anyone associated with that tradition."</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of Religion in the South">Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, ''Encyclopedia of Religion in the South'', [[Mercer University Press]], 2005, ({{ISBN|0-86554-758-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-86554-758-2}}) 854 pages</ref>{{rp|213}}

The Restoration Movement developed from several independent efforts to return to [[Apostolic Age|apostolic Christianity]], but two groups, which independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith, were particularly important.<ref name="Redigging the Wells">Monroe E. Hawley, ''Redigging the Wells: Seeking Undenominational Christianity'', Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas, 1976, {{ISBN|0-89137-512-0}} (paper), {{ISBN|0-89137-513-9}} (cloth)</ref>{{rp|27–32}} The first, led by [[Barton W. Stone]], began at [[Cane Ridge]], Kentucky and called themselves simply as "[[Christians (Stone Movement)|Christians]]". The second began in western Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia) and was led by [[Thomas Campbell (clergyman)|Thomas Campbell]] and his son, [[Alexander Campbell (clergyman)|Alexander Campbell]]; they used the name "[[Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)|Disciples of Christ]]". Both groups sought to restore the whole Christian church on the pattern set forth in the [[New Testament]], and both believed that [[creed]]s kept Christianity divided. In 1832 they joined in fellowship with a handshake.

Among other things, they were united in the belief that [[Jesus]] is the Christ, the [[Son of God]]; that Christians should celebrate the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]] on the [[Sabbath in Christianity|first day of each week]]; and that [[Believer's baptism|baptism of adult believers]] by [[Immersion baptism|immersion in water]] is a necessary condition for [[salvation]]. Because the founders wanted to abandon all denominational labels, they used the biblical names for the followers of Jesus.<ref name="McAlister & Tucker, 1975">McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), ''Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)'', St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8272-1703-4}}</ref>{{rp|27}} Both groups promoted a return to the purposes of the [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st-century churches]] as described in the New Testament. One historian of the movement has argued that it was primarily a unity movement, with the restoration motif playing a subordinate role.<ref name="Garrett 2002">Leroy Garrett, ''The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement'', College Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-89900-909-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-89900-909-4}}, 573 pages</ref>{{rp |8}}

The Restoration Movement has since divided into multiple separate groups. There are three main branches in the US: the [[Churches of Christ]], the [[Christian churches and churches of Christ]], and the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]]. Other U.S.-based groups affiliated with the movement are the [[International Churches of Christ]] and the [[International Christian Churches]]. Non-U.S. groups include the [[Churches of Christ in Australia]], the [[Evangelical Christian Church in Canada]], the [[Churches of Christ in Europe]]. The [[Plymouth Brethren]] are a similar though historically unrelated group which originated in the United Kingdom. Some churches, such as [[Churches of Christ]] or the [[Plymouth Brethren]] reject formal ties with other churches within the movement.

Other Christian groups originating during the Second Great Awakening including the [[Millerites|Adventist movement]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albin |first1=Barry |title=A Spiritual History of the Western Tradition |page=124}}</ref> the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Van Voorst, Robert E.|title=RELG: World (with Religion CourseMate with eBook Printed Access Card)|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=288|year=2012|isbn=978-1-1117-2620-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvNWxEEaf50C&pg=PT303}}</ref> and [[Christian Science]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eddy |first1=Mary Baker |title=Manual of the Mother Church |publisher=CSPS |page=17 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18039 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728125557/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18039 |url-status=live}}</ref> founded within fifty years of one another, all consider themselves to be restorative of primitive Christianity and the early church. Some Baptist churches with [[Landmarkism|Landmarkist]] views have similar beliefs concerning their connection with primitive Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albanese |first1=Catherine |title=America: Religions and Religion |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |page=122}}</ref>