Rome

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Rome}}
[[File:Doria Pamphili 6376.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stone pine]]s in the [[Villa Doria Pamphili]]]]

Rome has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters.

Its average annual temperature is above {{cvt|21|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|9|°C|°F}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is {{cvt|12.6|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|2.1|°C|°F}} at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is {{cvt|31.7|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|17.3|°C|°F}} at night.

December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately {{cvt|8|°C|°F}}. Temperatures during these months generally vary between {{cvt|10|and|15|C|F}} during the day and between {{cvt|3|and|5|C|F}} at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx |title=Storia della neve a Roma |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter |website=The Mercury News |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215424/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal '56 ad oggi |website=Corriere della sera |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094826/https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

The average [[relative humidity]] is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of {{cvt|13.9|°C|°F}} in February to a high of {{cvt|25.0|°C|°F}} in August.<ref name="seatemperature.org2">[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713181229/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm |date=13 July 2020 }}, seatemperature.org.</ref>

The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was {{cvt|42.9|°C|°F}} on 18 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/07/17/europe-heatwave-italy-spain-record-climate/&ved=2ahUKEwjB2IzB-KyAAxWSFlkFHVZvCZcQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3H2fe2kXpuftb6XNNcXZqg|title=Southern Europe soars to record temperatures as heat wave peaks|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Ian|last=Livingston|date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

{{Weather box 
|location = [[Rome Ciampino Airport]], elevation: {{convert|129|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present
|metric first= Yes 
|single line= Yes
|Jan record high C = 20.8
|Feb record high C = 23.0
|Mar record high C = 26.6
|Apr record high C = 30.0
|May record high C = 34.2
|Jun record high C = 39.3
|Jul record high C = 40.0
|Aug record high C = 40.6
|Sep record high C = 40.0
|Oct record high C = 32.0
|Nov record high C = 26.1
|Dec record high C = 21.2
|year record high C = 40.6
|Jan high C = 12.0
|Feb high C = 13.0
|Mar high C = 15.8
|Apr high C = 18.8
|May high C = 22.3
|Jun high C = 28.1
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 26.7
|Oct high C = 22.2
|Nov high C = 16.9
|Dec high C = 12.7
|year high C = 21.0
|Jan mean C = 7.5
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Mar mean C = 10.7
|Apr mean C = 13.6
|May mean C = 18.0
|Jun mean C = 22.5
|Jul mean C = 25.1
|Aug mean C = 25.4
|Sep mean C = 21.0
|Oct mean C = 17.0
|Nov mean C = 12.4
|Dec mean C = 8.5
|year mean C = 15.8
|Jan low C = 3.4
|Feb low C = 3.4
|Mar low C = 5.9
|Apr low C = 8.6
|May low C = 12.6
|Jun low C = 16.7
|Jul low C = 19.3
|Aug low C = 19.8
|Sep low C = 16.0
|Oct low C = 12.4
|Nov low C = 8.5
|Dec low C = 4.7
|year low C = 10.9
|Jan record low C = -11.0
|Feb record low C = -6.9
|Mar record low C = -6.5
|Apr record low C = -2.4
|May record low C = 1.8
|Jun record low C = 5.6
|Jul record low C = 9.1
|Aug record low C = 9.3
|Sep record low C = 4.3
|Oct record low C = 0.8
|Nov record low C = -5.2
|Dec record low C = -6.6
|year record low C = -11.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 65.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 62.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 58.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 68.6
|May precipitation mm = 56.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 30.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 19.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 30.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 64.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 88.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 108.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 98.3
|year precipitation mm = 752.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 7.40
|Feb precipitation days = 7.48
|Mar precipitation days = 6.85
|Apr precipitation days = 7.42
|May precipitation days = 5.54
|Jun precipitation days = 3.38
|Jul precipitation days = 2.16
|Aug precipitation days = 2.20
|Sep precipitation days = 6.00
|Oct precipitation days = 7.32
|Nov precipitation days = 8.84
|Dec precipitation days = 9.44
|year precipitation days = 74.03
|humidity colour = 
|Jan humidity = 75.8
|Feb humidity = 71.5
|Mar humidity = 70.6
|Apr humidity = 70.4
|May humidity = 69.0
|Jun humidity = 65.4
|Jul humidity = 63.3
|Aug humidity = 64.1
|Sep humidity = 69.1
|Oct humidity = 74.0
|Nov humidity = 77.9
|Dec humidity = 77.2
|year humidity = 70.7
|Jan sun = 155.9
|Feb sun = 171.9
|Mar sun = 203.1
|Apr sun = 221.1
|May sun = 276.5
|Jun sun = 298.8
|Jul sun = 337.6
|Aug sun = 320.2
|Sep sun = 237.9
|Oct sun = 200.6
|Nov sun = 153.3
|Dec sun = 146.9
|year sun = 2723.9
|Jan dew point C = 3.9
|Feb dew point C = 3.5
|Mar dew point C = 5.8
|Apr dew point C = 8.5
|May dew point C = 12.1
|Jun dew point C = 15.1
|Jul dew point C = 16.9
|Aug dew point C = 17.7
|Sep dew point C = 15.5
|Oct dew point C = 12.9
|Nov dew point C = 9.3
|Dec dew point C = 5.2
|year dew point C = 10.5
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|title = Monte Cimone Climate Normals 1991-2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = August 31, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035310/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
|source 2 = Temperature extreme in Toscana<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|language = it
|title = Roma Ciampino
|publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
|access-date = August 31, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035322/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
}}