Philippines

=== Ethnicity ===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
{{See also|Filipinos|Pinoy}}
[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|alt=Another color-coded map|Dominant ethnic groups by province]]

The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.<ref name="Banlaoi-2009">{{cite book|last=Banlaoi |first=Rommel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ |title=Philippine Security in the Age of Terror: National, Regional, and Global Challenges in the Post-9/11 World |date=2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, Fla. |isbn=978-1-4398-1551-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31–32] |author-link1=Rommel Banlaoi}}</ref> According to the 2010 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] (24.4 percent), [[Visayans]] [excluding the [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]] and [[Waray people|Waray]]] (11.4 percent), Cebuano (9.9 percent), [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] (8.8 percent), Hiligaynon (8.4 percent), [[Bicolano people|Bikol]] (6.8 percent), and Waray (four percent).<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /><ref>{{cite journal|year=2018 |title=2018 Philippine Statistical Yearbook |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2018%20PSY_final%28revised%20asof26Mar19%29_0.pdf |journal=Philippine Statistical Yearbook |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |pages=1–25 |issn=0118-1564 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508234645/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2018%20PSY_final(revised%20asof26Mar19)_0.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> The [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|country's indigenous peoples]] consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups, with a combined population of 14 to 17&nbsp;million, in 2010;<ref>{{cite report|date=February 2010 |title=Fast Facts: Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225201804/https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |access-date=February 25, 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> they include the [[Igorot people|Igorot]], [[Lumad]], [[Mangyan]], and the [[Peoples of Palawan|indigenous peoples of Palawan]].<ref>{{Cite tech report |last=Cariño |first=Jacqueline K. |date=November 2012 |title=Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues; Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809025044/https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |publisher=[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] |pages=3–5, 31–47}}</ref>

[[Negrito]]s are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160916/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm|name=35}}}} These minority aboriginal settlers are an [[Australo-Melanesian|Australoid]] group, a remnant of the [[Southern Dispersal|first human migration from Africa to Australia]] who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flannery |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC |title=The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People |date=2002 |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-8021-3943-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC&pg=PA147 147] |author-link1=Tim Flannery}}</ref> Some Philippine Negritos have a [[Denisovan]] admixture in their [[genome]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=August 31, 2012 |title=Extinct humanoid species may have lived in PHL |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/ |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040611/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/ |archive-date=December 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reich |first1=David |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Kircher |first3=Martin |last4=Delfin |first4=Frederick |last5=Nandineni |first5=Madhusudan R. |last6=Pugach |first6=Irina |last7=Ko |first7=Albert Min-Shan |last8=Ko |first8=Ying-Chin |last9=Jinam |first9=Timothy A. |last10=Phipps |first10=Maude E. |last11=Saitou |first11=Naruya |last12=Wollstein |first12=Andreas |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Pääbo |first14=Svante |last15=Stoneking |first15=Mark |date=October 2011 |title=Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=516–528 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 |pmc=3188841 |pmid=21944045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] speaking [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]].<ref name="Ethnologue-PH" /> The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese aborigines]] probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Capelli |first1=Christian |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Richards |first3=Martin |last4=Stumpf |first4=Michael P.H. |last5=Gratrix |first5=Fiona |last6=Oppenheimer |first6=Stephen |last7=Underhill |first7=Peter |last8=Ko |first8=Tsang-Ming |year=2001 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmc=1235276 |pmid=11170891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201051/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=December 18, 2009 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soares |first1=Pedro A. |last2=Trejaut |first2=Jean A. |last3=Rito |first3=Teresa |last4=Cavadas |first4=Bruno |last5=Hill |first5=Catherine |last6=Eng |first6=Ken Khong |last7=Mormina |first7=Maru |last8=Brandão |first8=Andreia |last9=Fraser |first9=Ross M. |last10=Wang |first10=Tse-Yi |last11=Loo |first11=Jun-Hun |last12=Snell |first12=Christopher |last13=Ko |first13=Tsang-Ming |last14=Amorim |first14=António |last15=Pala |first15=Maria |last16=Macaulay |first16=Vincent |last17=Bulbeck |first17=David |last18=Wilson |first18=James F. |last19=Gusmão |first19=Leonor |last20=Pereira |first20=Luísa |last21=Oppenheimer |first21=Stephen |last22=Lin |first22=Marie |last23=Richards |first23=Martin B. |title=Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations |journal=[[Human Genetics (journal)|Human Genetics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |date=March 2016 |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=309–326 |doi=10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z |pmc=4757630 |pmid=26781090 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Lumad and [[Sama-Bajau]] ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic-]] and [[Mlabri language|Mlabri-speaking]] [[Lua people|Htin]] peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from [[Papua New Guinea]] to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the [[Blaan people]] and the [[Sangir language]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Larena |first1=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |date=March 30, 2021 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=118 |issue=13 |pages=e2026132118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8020671 |pmid=33753512 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially [[Latin American Asian|from the Spanish Americas]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mawson |first=Stephanie J. |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=232 |pages=87–125 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603111934/https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |access-date=July 28, 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Mehl-2016">{{cite book|last=Mehl |first=Eva Maria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/22713BE2A688A4F8DFF62EDE85BE427E |title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-316-48012-0 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316480120}}</ref>{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C|name=Chpt. 6}}}}<ref name= "Intercolonial">{{cite book|last=Park |first=Paula C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ |title=Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 |date=2022 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pa. |isbn=978-0-8229-8873-1 |language=en |chapter=3: On the Globality of Mexico and the Manila Galleon}}</ref> A 2016 [[Geno 2.0 Next Generation|National Geographic]] project [[Genetic studies on Filipinos|concluded]] that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried [[genetic marker]]s in the following percentages: 53 percent [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]], 36 percent [[East Asia|Eastern Asia]], five percent [[Southern Europe]], three percent [[South Asia|Southern Asia]], and two percent Native American (from [[Latin America]]).<ref name="Mehl-2016" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C|name=Chpt. 6}}}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704204736/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/ |archive-date=July 4, 2016 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>

Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as [[Filipino Mestizos|Mestizos]] or {{lang|fil|tisoy}},<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=McFerson |editor-first=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |series=Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA23 23]}}</ref> which during the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonial times]], were mostly composed of [[Sangley|Chinese mestizos]] ({{lang|es|Mestizos de Sangley}}), [[Spanish Filipino|Spanish mestizos]] ({{lang|es|Mestizos de Español}}) and the mix thereof ({{lang|es|[[Torna atrás|tornatrás]]}}).<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |last1=Villaraza |first1=Lily Ann B. |title=Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: A Study of Aurelio Tolentino's Articulation of Nationalism and Identity through Theatre in the Philippines during the American Colonial Period |url=https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/allgraduate-thesesdissertations/6759/ |website=Huskie Commons |publisher=[[Northern Illinois University]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724162046/https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7758&context=allgraduate-thesesdissertations |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |pages=52–54 |date=January 1, 2017 |oclc=1257957511}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=December 8, 2015 |title=Sheer Realities: A Celebration of Philippine Culture |url=https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117194046/https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/ |archive-date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Grey Art Gallery]] |publisher=[[New York University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chu |first=Richard T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ |title=Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s–1930s |date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-474-2685-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 240] |language=en}}</ref> The modern [[Chinese Filipino]]s are well-integrated into Filipino society.<ref name="Banlaoi-2009" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Carter |first=Lauren Louise |date=April 1995 |type=M.A. thesis |title=The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131721/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |website=Summit Research Repository |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |pages=5, 96}}</ref> Primarily the descendants of immigrants from [[Fujian]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Wong |first=Kwok-Chu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC |title=The Chinese in the Philippine Economy, 1898–1941 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-323-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC&pg=PA15 15–16]}}</ref> the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial era]] (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35&nbsp;million; while an estimated 22.8&nbsp;million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century Chinese migrants.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Guanqun |first=Wang |date=August 23, 2009 |title=Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too |work=[[Xinhua]] |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826194926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref><ref name="senate.gov.ph">{{Cite press release |title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday |date=January 21, 2013 |publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |last1=Macrohon |first1=Pilar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref> During the Hispanic era, [[Spanish Filipino|mixed Spanish Filipinos]] made up a moderate proportion (around 5 percent) of the population who were paying tributes.<ref name="Estadismo1">[http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref>{{rp|539}}<ref name="Estadismo2">[https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref>{{rp|31,54,113}} Meanwhile, [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Latin American Filipinos]].<ref name= "Intercolonial" />{{rp|100}} Almost 300,000 [[Americans|American citizens]] live in the country {{As of|2023|lc=y}},<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 3, 2022 |title=U.S. Relations With the Philippines |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207062435/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/ |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> and up to 250,000 [[Amerasian]]s are scattered across the cities of [[Angeles City|Angeles]], Manila, and [[Olongapo]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding |date=November 5, 2012 |url=http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf |access-date=July 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212827/http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |work=Amerasian Research Network, Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||type=Academic paper presented at 9th International Conference on the Philippines (ICOPHIL-9) |last1=Kutschera |first1=P. C. |last2=Caputi |first2=Marie A. |date=October 2012 |title=The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora |url=http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101213421/http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Michigan State University]] |location=E. Lansing, Mich. |via=AmerasianResearch.org}}</ref> Other significant non-indigenous minorities include [[Indian Filipino|Indians]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Daboo |editor-first1=Jerri |editor-last2=Sinthuphan |editor-first2=Jirayudh |title=Mapping Migration: Culture and Identity in the Indian Diasporas of Southeast Asia and the UK |date=October 1, 2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England |isbn=978-1-5275-1775-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> and [[Arabs in the Philippines|Arabs]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sevilla |first1=Henelito Jr. |title=West Asian Communities in the Philippines: An Exploratory Study of Migrant Iranians, Jews, Arabs, and Turkish |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman]] |date=2015 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=98, 100 |url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231845/https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese Filipinos]] include escaped Christians ([[Kirishitan]]) who [[Martyrs of Japan|fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Terpstra |editor-first1=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uuYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 |title=Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures |date=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-429-67825-7}}</ref>