New Zealand

===Language===
{{Main|Languages of New Zealand}}
[[File:TeReoMaori2013.png|thumb|alt=Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency.|Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census<ref>{{cite book |title=2013 Census QuickStats |date=2013 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |isbn=978-0-478-40864-5}}</ref>
{{legend|#fef0d9|Less than 5%}}
{{legend|#fdd8a4|More than 5%}}
{{legend|#fcb779|More than 10%}}
{{legend|#fc8d59|More than 20%}}
{{legend|#eb603f|More than 30%}}
{{legend|#d33121|More than 40%}}
{{legend|#a50c0c|More than 50%}}]]
English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 95.4% of the population.<ref name="Census2018_pdc" /> [[New Zealand English]] is a variety of the language with a distinctive [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]] and lexicon.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bardsley|first1=Dianne|title=English language in New Zealand – Characteristics of New Zealand English |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/english-language-in-new-zealand/page-1 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=11 November 2021 |date=7 October 2018}}</ref> It is similar to [[Australian English]], and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.{{sfn|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|p=14}} The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-''i'' sound (as in ''kit'') has centralised towards the [[schwa]] sound (the ''a'' in ''comma'' and ''about''); the short-''e'' sound (as in ''dress'') has moved towards the short-''i'' sound; and the short-''a'' sound (as in ''trap'') has moved to the short-''e'' sound.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bauer |first1=Laurie |last2=Warren |first2=Paul |last3=Bardsley |first3=Dianne |last4=Kennedy |first4=Marianna |last5=Major |first5=George |title=New Zealand English |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=97–102 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002830 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged or forced from speaking their own language ({{lang|mi|[[te reo Māori]]}}) in schools and workplaces, and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.<ref name="Māori language" /> The Native Schools Act 1867 required instruction in English in all schools, and while there was no official policy banning children from speaking Māori, many suffered from [[physical abuse]] if they did so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=The Crown's legacy of beating Māori children for speaking their reo |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/te-wiki-o-te-reo-maori-beaten-for-speaking-their-native-tongue-and-the-generations-that-suffered/F7G6XCM62QAHTYVSRVOCRKAUYI/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=Crown should apologise to Māori beaten as children for te reo, says Dover Samuels |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/115508946/crown-should-apologise-to-mori-beaten-as-children-for-te-reo-says-dover-samuels |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2015 |title=Native Affairs – Silenced |url=https://www.teaomaori.news/native-affairs-silenced |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Māori Television |language=en}}</ref> The Māori language has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,<ref>{{cite news |title=British influence ebbs as New Zealand takes to talking Māori |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/newzealand/1490814/British-influence-ebbs-as-New-Zealand-takes-to-talking-Maori.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/newzealand/1490814/British-influence-ebbs-as-New-Zealand-takes-to-talking-Maori.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |first=Nick |last=Squires |date=May 2005|work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=3 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,<ref>{{cite web |title=Waitangi Tribunal claim – Māori Language Week |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week/waitangi-tribunal-claim |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=July 2010 |access-date=19 January 2011}}</ref> and is spoken by 4.0% of the population.<ref name="Census2018_pdc" />{{refn|In 2015, 55% of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported knowledge of {{lang|mi|te reo Māori}}. Of these speakers, 64% use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".<ref name="tereoMaori">{{cite web |title=Ngā puna kōrero: Where Māori speak te reo – infographic |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/maori/te-kupenga/use-te-reo-infographic-english.aspx |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>|group=n}} There are now Māori language-immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11670518 |first=John |last=Drinnan |title='Maori' will remain in the name Maori Television |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |quote=According to 2015 figures supplied by Maori TV, its two channels broadcast an average of 72 per cent Māori language content – 59 per cent on the main channel and 99 per cent on Te Reo |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> [[List of dual place names in New Zealand|Many places]] have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0097/latest/DLM429090.html |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=20 May 2014 |orig-year=1 October 1998}}</ref>

As recorded in the 2018 census,<ref name="Census2018_pdc" /> [[Samoan language|Samoan]] is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], 2.0%), [[Hindi]] (1.5%), and French (1.2%). [[New Zealand Sign Language]] was reported to be understood by 22,986 people (0.5%); it became one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2006 |title=New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2006/0018/latest/DLM372754.html |publisher=[[Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand)|Parliamentary Counsel Office]] |version=1 July 2022}}</ref>