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Do not fill this in! ==Abrahamic religions== {{Infobox saint |name=Moses |feast_day= September 4, July 20 and April 14 in [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Catholic Church]] |venerated_in=[[Christianity]]<br>[[Islam]]<br>[[Judaism]]<br>[[Baháʼí Faith]]<br>[[Druze Faith]]<br>[[Rastafari]]<br>[[Samaritanism]] |image=MosesStrikingTheRock GREBBER.jpg |imagesize=230px |caption=Moses striking the rock, 1630 by [[Pieter de Grebber]] |birth_place= [[Land of Goshen|Goshen]], [[Lower Egypt]] |death_place= [[Mount Nebo (Jordan)|Mount Nebo]], [[Moab]] |titles=Prophet, Saint, Seer, Lawgiver, Apostle to Pharaoh, Reformer, God-seer |attributes= [[Ten Commandments]] (in Christianity and Judaism) }} ===Judaism=== {{Main|Moses in rabbinic literature}} Most of what is known about Moses from the Bible comes from the books of [[book of Exodus|Exodus]], [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]], [[book of Numbers|Numbers]], and [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]].{{sfn |Van Seters |2004|p=194}} The majority of scholars consider the compilation of these books to go back to the [[Yehud Medinata|Persian period]], 538–332 BC, but based on earlier written and oral traditions.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2001|p=68}}{{sfn|Ska|2009|p=260}} There is a wealth of stories and additional information about Moses in the [[Jewish apocrypha]] and in the genre of [[rabbi]]nical [[exegesis]] known as [[Midrash]], as well as in the primary works of the Jewish [[oral law]], the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]]. Moses is also given a number of bynames in Jewish tradition. The [[Midrash]] identifies Moses as one of seven biblical personalities who were called by various names.<ref>Midrash Rabbah, Ki Thissa, XL. 3–3, Lehrman, p. 463</ref>{{clarify|Unclear what this source is|date=May 2022}} Moses' other names were Jekuthiel (by his mother), Heber (by [[Amram|his father]]), Jered (by [[Miriam]]), Avi Zanoah (by Aaron), [[Avigdor (name)|Avi Gedor]] (by [[Kohath]]), Avi Soco (by his wet-nurse), Shemaiah ben Nethanel (by people of Israel).<ref>Yalkut Shimoni, Shemot 166 to Chronicles I 4:18, 24:6; also see Vayikra Rabbah 1:3; Chasidah p. 345</ref> Moses is also attributed the names Toviah (as a first name), and Levi (as a family name) (Vayikra Rabbah 1:3), Heman,<ref>Rashi to Bava Batra 15s, Chasidah p. 345</ref> Mechoqeiq (lawgiver),<ref>Bava Batra 15a on Deuteronomy 33:21, Chasidah p. 345</ref> and Ehl Gav Ish (Numbers 12:3).<ref>Rashi to Berachot 54a, Chasidah p. 345</ref> In another [[exegesis]], Moses had ascended to the first heaven until the [[Seven Heavens|seventh]], even visited [[Paradise]] and [[Hell]] alive, after he saw the [[burning bush|divine vision]] in Mount Horeb.<ref name="Ginzberg 1909">{{cite book |last=Ginzberg |first=Louis |year=1909 |url=http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf |title=The Legends of the Jews |volume=II: The Ascension of Moses; Moses Visits Paradise and Hell |translator-first=Henrietta |translator-last=Szold |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Jewish Publication Society}}</ref> Jewish historians who lived at [[Alexandria]], such as [[Eupolemus]], attributed to Moses the feat of having taught the [[Phoenicia]]ns [[Phoenician alphabet|their alphabet]],<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'' ix. 26</ref> similar to legends of [[Thoth]]. [[Artapanus of Alexandria]] explicitly identified Moses not only with Thoth/[[Hermes]], but also with the Greek figure [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] (whom he called "the teacher of [[Orpheus]]") and ascribed to him the division of Egypt into 36 districts, each with its own liturgy. He named the princess who adopted Moses as Merris, wife of Pharaoh Chenephres.<ref>Eusebius, l.c. ix. 27</ref> Jewish tradition considers Moses to be the greatest prophet who ever lived.<ref name="Ginzberg 1909"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jewfaq.org/moshe.htm |title= Judaism 101: Moses, Aaron and Miriam |website=Jew FAQ |access-date= 2010-03-02}}</ref> Despite his importance, Judaism stresses that Moses was a human being, and is therefore not to be worshipped.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} Only God is worthy of worship in Judaism.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} To [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]], Moses is called ''Moshe Rabbenu, 'Eved HaShem, Avi haNeviim zya"a'': "Our Leader Moshe, Servant of God, Father of all the Prophets (may his merit shield us, amen)". In the orthodox view, Moses received not only the Torah, but also the revealed (written and oral) and the hidden (the ''{{'}}hokhmat nistar'') teachings, which gave Judaism the [[Zohar]] of the [[Shimon bar Yochai|Rashbi]], the Torah of the [[Isaac Luria|Ari haQadosh]] and all that is discussed in the Heavenly Yeshiva between the [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto|Ramhal]] and his masters.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} Arising in part from his age of death (120 years, according to Deuteronomy 34:7) and that "his eye had not dimmed, and his vigor had not diminished", the phrase "[[Live until 120|may you live to 120]]" has become a common blessing among Jews (120 is stated as the maximum age for all of [[Noah]]'s descendants in Genesis 6:3). ===Christianity=== [[File:The-Transfiguration-1480-xx-Giovanni-Bellini.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Transfiguration of Christ (Bellini)|Moses, to the left of Jesus]], at the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]], by [[Giovanni Bellini]], {{circa|1480}}]] Moses is mentioned more often in the [[New Testament]] than any other [[Old Testament]] figure. For [[Christianity|Christians]], Moses is often a symbol of [[Divine law|God's law]], as reinforced and [[Expounding of the Law|expounded on]] in the teachings of [[Jesus]]. New Testament writers often compared Jesus' words and deeds with Moses' to explain Jesus' mission. In [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 7:39–43, 51–53, for example, the rejection of Moses by the Jews who worshipped the [[golden calf]] is likened to the rejection of Jesus by the Jews that continued in traditional Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Acts |series=IVP New Testament Commentary Series|last=Larkin|first=William J.|publisher=Intervarsity Press Academic|year=1995|isbn=978-0-8308-1805-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Acts 7 – New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Moses also figures in several of Jesus' messages. When he met the [[Pharisees|Pharisee]] [[Nicodemus]] at night in the third chapter of the [[Gospel of John]], he compared Moses' lifting up of the [[Nehushtan|bronze serpent]] in the wilderness, which any Israelite could look at and be healed, to his own lifting up (by his death and [[resurrection]]) for the people to look at and be healed. In the sixth chapter, Jesus responded to the people's claim that Moses provided them ''[[manna]]'' in the wilderness by saying that it was not Moses, but God, who provided. Calling himself the "[[Bread of Life Discourse|bread of life]]", Jesus stated that he was provided to feed God's people.<ref>{{cite web |title=John 6:35 (KJV) |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+6%3A35&version=KJV |website=www.biblegateway.com |access-date=4 January 2020 |quote=And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst.}}</ref> Moses, along with [[Elijah]], is presented as meeting with Jesus in all three [[Synoptic Gospels]] of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]] in [[Matthew 17]], [[Mark 9]], and [[Luke 9]]. In [[Matthew 23]], in what is the first attested use of a phrase referring to this rabbinical usage (the Graeco-Aramaic {{lang|he|קתדרא דמשה}}), Jesus refers to the scribes and the Pharisees, in a passage critical of them, as having seated themselves "on the chair of Moses" ({{lang-gr|Ἐπὶ τῆς Μωϋσέως καθέδρας }}, ''epì tēs Mōüséōs kathédras'')<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|23:2|HCSB}}</ref><ref name="Tomson2019">{{cite book|first=Peter J.|last=Tomson|title=Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1mHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA501|date=11 February 2019|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-154619-8|page=517}}</ref> His relevance to modern Christianity has not diminished. Moses is considered to be a [[saint]] by several churches; and is commemorated as a prophet in the respective [[Calendar of saints|Calendars of Saints]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]], and the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches on September 4. In [[September 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|Eastern Orthodox liturgics]] for September 4, Moses is commemorated as the "Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, on Mount Nebo".<ref>Great [[Synaxarium|Synaxaristes]]: {{in lang|el}} ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/552/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Προφήτης Μωϋσῆς].'' 4 Σεπτεμβρίου. μεγασ συναξαριστης.</ref><ref>[http://oca.org/saints/lives/2016/09/04/102490-holy-prophet-and-god-seer-moses "Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses"]. ''Lives of the Saints''. OCA.</ref>{{refn|According to the Orthodox [[Menaion]], September 4 was the day that Moses saw the [[Promised Land|Land of Promise]].<ref>"September 4: The Holy God-seer Moses the Prophet and Aaron His Brother". In: ''The Menaion'', Volume 1, The Month of September. Translated from the Greek by the Holy Transfiguration Monastery. Boston, Massachusetts, 2005. p. 67.</ref>|group="note"}} The Orthodox Church also commemorates him on the [[Nativity Fast#Sunday of the Forefathers|Sunday of the Forefathers]], two Sundays before the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]].<ref>[http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/sermhff.htm ''The Sunday of the Holy Forefathers'']. St John's Orthodox Church, Colchester, Essex, England.</ref> Moses is also commemorated on July 20 with [[Aaron]], [[Elijah|Elias]] (Elijah) and [[Elisha|Eliseus]] (Elisha)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mojżesz|url=https://deon.pl/imiona-swietych/mojzesz,6365|access-date=2021-09-03|website=DEON.pl|language=pl}}</ref> and on April 14 with all saint [[Sinaia Monastery|Sinai]] monks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Пророк Моисе́й Боговидец|url=https://azbyka.ru/days/sv-moisej-bogovidec|access-date=2021-09-03|website=azbyka.ru|language=ru}}</ref> The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] commemorates him as one of the Holy Forefathers in their [[Calendar of Saints (Armenian Apostolic Church)|Calendar of Saints]] on July 30.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid=1&id=1904&pid=33|script-title=hy:Տոնական օրեր|language=hy|website=Armenian Church|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> ====Catholicism==== In Catholicism Moses is seen as a [[Typology (theology)|type]] of [[Jesus Christ]]. [[Justus Knecht]] writes: {{Blockquote|Through Moses God instituted the Old Law, on which account he is called the mediator of the Old Law. As such, Moses was a striking type of Jesus Christ, who instituted the New Law. Moses, as a child, was condemned to death by a [[Herod the Great|cruel king]], and was saved in a wonderful way; Jesus Christ was condemned by Herod, and also wonderfully saved. Moses forsook the king's court so as to help his persecuted brethren; the Son of God left the glory of heaven to save us sinners. Moses prepared himself in the desert for his vocation, freed his people from slavery, and proved his divine mission by great miracles; Jesus Christ proved by still greater miracles that He was the only begotten Son of God. Moses was the advocate of his people; Jesus was our advocate with His Father on the Cross, and is eternally so in heaven. Moses was the law-giver of his people and announced to them the word of God: Jesus Christ is the supreme law-giver, and not only announced God's word, but is Himself the Eternal Word made flesh. Moses was the leader of the people to the [[Promised Land]]: Jesus is our leader on our journey to heaven.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=[[s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/XXXVII. The Golden Calf|XXXVII. The Golden Calf]]|title=A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture|year=1910|publisher=B. Herder|first=Friedrich Justus|last=Knecht|author-link=Justus Knecht}}</ref>}} ====Mormonism==== {{Main|Book of Moses}} Members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (colloquially called [[Mormons]]) generally view Moses in the same way that other Christians do. However, in addition to accepting the biblical account of Moses, Mormons include [[Book of Moses|Selections from the Book of Moses]] as part of their scriptural canon.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Skinner |first=Andrew C. |author-link=Andrew C. Skinner |title=Moses |contribution-url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3959 |pages=958–59 |editor1-last=Ludlow |editor1-first=Daniel H. |editor1-link=Daniel H. Ludlow |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishing]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-02-879602-4 |oclc=24502140}}</ref> This book is believed to be the translated writings of Moses and is included in the [[Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)|Pearl of Great Price]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Taylor |first=Bruce T. |title=Book of Moses |pages=216–217 |editor1-last=Ludlow |editor1-first=Daniel H |editor1-link=Daniel H. Ludlow |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishing]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-02-879602-4 |oclc=24502140 |contribution-url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5555}}</ref> Latter-day Saints are also unique in believing that Moses was taken to heaven without having tasted death ([[Translation (LDS Church)|translated]]). In addition, [[Joseph Smith]] and [[Oliver Cowdery]] stated that on April 3, 1836, Moses appeared to them in the [[Kirtland Temple]] (located in [[Kirtland, Ohio]]) in a glorified, immortal, physical form and bestowed upon them the "keys of the gathering of Israel from the four parts of the earth, and the leading of the [[Ten Lost Tribes#Latter-day Saint Movement|ten tribes]] from the land of the north".<ref>The [[Doctrine and Covenants]] [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/110.11?lang=eng 110:11]</ref> ===Islam=== {{Main|Moses in Islam}} {{See also|Biblical narratives and the Qur'an#Moses (Mūsā موسى)}} {{Musa}} Moses is mentioned more in the [[Quran]] than any other individual and his life is narrated and recounted more than that of any other [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]].{{Sfn | Keeler | 2005 | pp = 55–66}} Islamically, Moses is described in ways which parallel the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].{{Sfn | Keeler | 2005 | pp = 55–56 | ps =, describes Moses from the Muslim perspective: {{blockquote|Among prophets, Moses has been described as the one "whose career as a messenger of God, lawgiver and leader of his community most closely parallels and foreshadows that of Muhammad", and as "the figure that in the Koran was presented to Muhammad above all others as the supreme model of saviour and ruler of a community, the man chosen to present both knowledge of the one God, and a divinely revealed system of law". We find him clearly in this role of Muhammad's forebear in a well-known tradition of the miraculous ascension of the Prophet, where Moses advises Muhammad from his own experience as messenger and lawgiver.}}}} Like Muhammad, Moses is defined in the Quran as both prophet (''nabi'') and messenger (''[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rasul]]''), the latter term indicating that he was one of those prophets who brought a book and law to his people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Azadpur |first=M. |year=2009 |chapter=Charity and the Good Life: On Islamic Prophetic Ethics |title=Crisis, Call, and Leadership in the Abrahamic Traditions |pages=153–167 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref>{{Sfn | Keeler | 2005 | p = 55}} [[File:Nabi Musa jerico-Jerusalam.jpg|left|thumb|[[Nabi Musa|Maqam El-Nabi Musa]], [[Jericho]]]] Most of the key events in Moses' life which are narrated in the Bible are to be found dispersed through the different chapters (''[[suwar]]'') of the Quran, with a story about meeting the Quranic figure [[Khidr]] which is not found in the Bible.{{Sfn | Keeler | 2005 | pp = 55–66}} In the Moses' story narrated by the Quran, Jochebed is commanded by God to place Moses in a coffin<ref>{{qref|20|39|b=y}}</ref> and cast him on the waters of the Nile, thus abandoning him completely to God's protection.{{Sfn | Keeler | 2005 | pp = 55–66}}<ref>{{qref|28|7|b=y}}</ref> The Pharaoh's wife [[Asiya]], not his daughter, found Moses floating in the waters of the Nile. She convinced the Pharaoh to keep him as their son because they were not blessed with any children.<ref>{{qref|28|9|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis|last=Wheeler|first=Brannon M.|publisher=Continuum |year=2002|isbn=0-8264-4957-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Noble Women of Faith: Asiya, Mary, Khadija, Fatima|author=Shahada Sharelle Abdul Haqq|edition=illustrated|publisher=Tughra Books|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59784-268-6}}</ref> The Quran's account emphasizes Moses' mission to invite the Pharaoh to accept God's divine message<ref>{{qref |79|17-19|b=y}}</ref> as well as give salvation to the Israelites.{{Sfn | Keeler | 2005 | pp = 55–66}}<ref>{{qref |20|47-48|b=y}}</ref> According to the Quran, Moses encourages the Israelites to enter Canaan, but they are unwilling to fight the Canaanites, fearing certain defeat. Moses responds by pleading to Allah that he and his brother Aaron be separated from the rebellious Israelites, after which the Israelites are made to wander for 40 years.<ref>{{qref|5|20|b=y}}</ref> One of the [[hadith]], or traditional narratives about Muhammad's life, describes a meeting in heaven between Moses and Muhammad, which resulted in Muslims observing [[Salah|5 daily prayers]].<ref>{{Href|bukhari|7517|b=y}}</ref> [[Huston Smith]] says this was "one of the crucial events in Muhammad's life".<ref>{{Citation | last = Smith | first = Huston | author-link = Huston Smith | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eDMIwLHwKOcC | title = The World's Religions | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 1991 | page = 245| isbn = 978-0-06-250811-9 }}.</ref> According to some Islamic tradition, Moses is buried at [[Nabi Musa|Maqam El-Nabi Musa]], near [[Jericho]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Primitive Semitic Religion Today |author= Samuel Curtiss |year= 2005 |publisher= Kessinger |isbn=1-4179-7346-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qMTRCuk3gD0C&q=%22nebi+musa%22 |pages= 163–4}}</ref> ===Baháʼí Faith=== Moses is one of the most important of God's messengers in the [[Baháʼí Faith]], being designated a [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bahai.org/beliefs/god-his-creation | title = God and His Creation | publisher = Baháʼí International Community}}</ref> An epithet of Moses in Baháʼí scriptures is the "One Who Conversed with God".<ref>{{Cite book|title = Epistle to the Son of the Wolf|author = Bahá'u'lláh|publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust|year = 1988|isbn = 978-0-87743-048-3|location = Wilmette, Illinois|page = 104|url = https://www.bahai.org/r/952445237}}</ref> According to the Baháʼí Faith, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the faith, is the one who spoke to Moses from the [[burning bush]].<ref>{{cite letter |author=Universal House of Justice: Department of the Secretariat |recipient=[An Individual]|subject=Issues raised within letter|language=en|date=15 October 1992 |url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19921015_001/1#202319491 |access-date= 10 June 2019}}</ref> [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] has highlighted the fact that Moses, like [[Abraham]], had none of the makings of a [[Great Man theory|great man of history]], but through God's assistance he was able to achieve many great things. He is described as having been "for a long time a shepherd in the wilderness", of having had a [[Stuttering|stammer]], and of being "much hated and detested" by Pharaoh and the ancient Egyptians of his time. He is said to have been raised in an oppressive household, and to have been known, in Egypt, as a man who had committed murder – though he had done so in order to prevent an act of cruelty.<ref name="Answered Questions">{{Cite book|title = Some Answered Questions|author = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |translator-last=Barney |translator-first = Laura Clifford |publisher = Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. |year = 1908|location = London |pages = 17–18 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21877/page/n35/mode/2up}}</ref> Nevertheless, like Abraham, through the assistance of God, he achieved great things and gained renown even beyond the [[Levant]]. Chief among these achievements was the freeing of his people, the Hebrews, from bondage in Egypt and leading "them to the Holy Land". He is viewed as the one who bestowed on Israel "the religious and the civil law" which gave them "honour among all nations",<!--"By virtue of that which He established, they so progressed as to be singled outamong [sic] all nations" which is essentially what the direct quote is saying but not exactly, so consider rewording.--> and which spread their fame to different parts of the world.<ref name="Answered Questions"/> Furthermore, through the law, Moses is believed to have led the Hebrews "to the highest possible degree of [[civilization]] at that period".<!-- This is in the source.--> 'Abdul'l-Bahá asserts that the ancient Greek philosophers regarded "the illustrious men of Israel as models of perfection". Chief among these philosophers, he says, was [[Socrates]] who "visited Syria, and took from the children of Israel the teachings of the Unity of God and of the immortality of the soul".<ref name="Answered Questions"/> Moses is further seen as paving the way for [[Bahá'u'lláh]] and his ultimate revelation, and as a teacher of truth, whose teachings were in line with the customs of his time.<ref>{{Citation | title = The Baháʼí: The Religious Construction of a Global Identity | page = 246 | first = Michael | last = McMullen | year = 2000}}.</ref> === Druze faith === Moses is considered an important prophet of God in the [[Druze faith]], being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.<ref name="Hitti 1928 37">{{cite book|title=The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings| first= Philip K.|last= Hitti|year= 1928| isbn= 9781465546623| page =37 |publisher=Library of Alexandria}}</ref><ref name="Dana 2008 17">{{cite book|title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status| first= Nissim |last= Dana|year= 2008| isbn= 9781903900369| page =17 |publisher=Michigan University press}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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