Interpersonal relationship

== Pathological relationships ==
Research conducted in Iran and other countries has shown that conflicts are common between couples, and, in Iran, 92% of the respondents reported that they had conflicts in their marriages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Application of BASNEF Model in Prediction of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Against Women |journal=Asian Women |date=31 March 2013 |doi=10.14431/aw.2013.03.29.1.27 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These conflicts can cause major problems for couples and they are caused due to multiple reasons.

===Abusive===
Abusive relationships involve either maltreatment or violence such as physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAtSAgAAQBAJ&q=National+Research+Council+.+%281993%29.+Understanding+child+abuse+and+neglect.+Washington%2C+DC%3A+National+Academy+Press.&pg=PT13|title=Elder Mistreatment: Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation in an Aging America|author=National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Law and Justice, Committee on National Statistics, Panel to Review Risk and Prevalence of Elder Abuse and Neglect|date=2003|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=9780309084345}}</ref> Abusive relationships within the family are very prevalent in the United States and usually involve women or children as victims.<ref name="pmid9491743">{{cite journal|vauthors=Emery RE, Laumann-Billings L|date=February 1998|title=An overview of the nature, causes, and consequences of abusive family relationships. Toward differentiating maltreatment and violence|journal=The American Psychologist|volume=53|issue=2|pages=121–35|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.121|pmid=9491743}}</ref> Common individual factors for abusers include low self-esteem, poor impulse control, external [[locus of control]], drug use, alcohol abuse, and negative [[affectivity]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/childmaltreatmen00buse|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/childmaltreatmen00buse/page/203 203]|quote=Pianta, R. B., Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. F. (1989). The antecedents of maltreatment: Results of the Mother–Child Interaction Research Project. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences o.|title=Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect|last1=Cicchetti|first1=Dante|date=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521379694|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> There are also external factors such as stress, poverty, and loss which contribute to likelihood of abuse.<ref name="pmid2653142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Emery RE|date=February 1989|title=Family violence|journal=The American Psychologist|volume=44|issue=2|pages=321–8|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.321|pmid=2653142}}</ref>

===Codependent===
[[Codependency]] initially focused on a codependent partner enabling substance abuse, but it has become more broadly defined to describe a dysfunctional relationship with extreme dependence on or preoccupation with another person.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cowan|first1=Gloria|last2=Bommersbach|first2=Mimi|last3=Curtis|first3=Sheri R.|year=1995|title=Codependency, Loss Of Self, And Power|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|volume=19|issue=2|pages=221–236|doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00289.x|s2cid=146485470|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> There are some who even refer to codependency as an addiction to the relationship.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mendenhall W|date=1989|title=Co-dependency definitions and dynamics|journal= Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly|volume=6|pages=3–17|doi=10.1300/J020V06N01_02}}</ref> The focus of codependents tends to be on the emotional state, behavioral choices, thoughts, and beliefs of another person.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chmielewska M|date=2012|title=Marital quality in the context of interpersonal dependency|journal=Economics & Sociology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=58–74|doi=10.14254/2071-789X.2012/5-2/5|doi-access=free}}</ref> Often those who are codependent neglect themselves in favor of taking care of others and have difficulty fully developing an identity of their own.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knudson|first1=Theresa M.|last2=Terrell|first2=Heather K.|year=2012|title=Codependency, Perceived Interparental Conflict, and Substance Abuse in the Family of Origin|journal=The American Journal of Family Therapy|volume=40|issue=3|pages=245–257|doi=10.1080/01926187.2011.610725|s2cid=145124356|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

===Narcissistic===
[[Narcissism|Narcissists]] focus on themselves and often distance themselves from intimate relationships; the focus of narcissistic interpersonal relationships is to promote one's self-concept.<ref name="Campbell_1999">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=W. Keith |title=Narcissism and romantic attraction. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |date=December 1999 |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1254–1270 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1254 }}</ref> Generally, narcissists show less empathy in relationships and view love pragmatically or as a game involving others' emotions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rhodewalt|first1=Frederick|last2=Morf|first2=Carolyn C.|date=March 1995|title=Self and Interpersonal Correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A Review and New Findings|journal=Journal of Research in Personality|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1006/jrpe.1995.1001|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="Campbell_1999" />

Narcissists are usually part of the personality disorder, [[narcissistic personality disorder]] (NPD). In relationships, they tend to affect the other person as they attempt to use them to enhance their self-esteem.<ref name="Maj, Mario 2015">Maj, Mario., Akiskal, Hagop S., Hagop S., Mezzich, Juan E., Wiley John & Sons. Personality Disorders. ''Medical'' March 11, 2015.</ref> Specific types of NPD make a person incapable of having an interpersonal relationship due to their being cunning, envious, and contemptuous.<ref name="Maj, Mario 2015"/>