Forgiveness

====Jainism====
{{See also|Micchami Dukkadam|Kshamavani}}
In [[Jainism]], forgiveness is one of the main virtues that Jains should cultivate. {{transliteration|sa|Kṣamāpanā}}, or supreme forgiveness, forms part of one of the ten characteristics of {{transliteration|sa|[[Dharma (Jainism)|dharma]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Varni|first=Jinendra|postscript=; Samaṇ Suttaṁ; Ed. Prof. Sagarmal Jain|title=Translated Justice|editor-first1=T.K.|editor-last1=Tukol|editor-first2=K.K.|editor-last2=Dixit|year=1993|location=New Delhi|publisher=Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti|at=verse 84}}</ref> In the Jain prayer, ({{transliteration|sa|[[pratikramana]]}}) Jains repeatedly seek forgiveness from various creatures—even from {{transliteration|sa|ekindriyas}} or single-sensed [[Jain terms and concepts#Classes of beings|beings]] like plants and microorganisms that they may have harmed while eating and doing routine activities.<ref>{{cite book | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 |page=285}}</ref> Forgiveness is asked by uttering the phrase, {{transliteration|pra|micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ}}—a [[Prakrit language]] phrase literally meaning "may all the evil that has been done be fruitless."<ref>{{cite book | last=Chapple | first=Christopher Key | title=Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life | location=Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | date=2006 | isbn=978-81-208-2045-6 | page=46}}</ref> During {{transliteration|sa|[[samvatsari]]}}—the last day of Jain festival {{transliteration|sa|[[paryusana]]}}—Jains utter the phrase {{transliteration|pra|micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ}} after {{transliteration|sa|[[pratikraman]]}}. As a matter of [[Jain rituals|ritual]], they personally greet their friends and relatives with {{transliteration|pra|micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ}}, seeking their forgiveness. No private quarrel or dispute may be carried beyond {{transliteration|sa|samvatsari}}, and letters and telephone calls are made to the outstation{{jargon inline|date=July 2023}} friends and relatives asking their forgiveness.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hastings|first=James|year=2003|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics|volume=10|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-3682-3|page=876}}</ref>

{{transliteration|sa|Pratikraman}} also contains the following prayer:<ref>{{cite book | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 |pages=18 and 224}}</ref>
<blockquote>
{{transliteration|pra|Khāmemi savva-jīve savvë jive khamantu me / <br />
metti me savva-bhūesu, veraṃ mejjha na keṇavi //}}

(I ask pardon of all creatures, may all creatures pardon me.<br />
May I have friendship with all beings and enmity with none.)
</blockquote>

In their daily prayers and {{transliteration|sa|[[samayika]]}}, Jains recite {{transliteration|pra|Iryavahi sutra}}, seeking forgiveness from all creatures while involved in routine activities:<ref>{{cite book|translator-first=Nagin J.|translator-last=Shah|translator-first2=Madhu|translator-last2=Sen|year=1993|title=Concept of Pratikramana|location=Ahmedabad|publisher=Gujarat Vidyapith|pages=25–26}}</ref>
<blockquote>
May you, O Revered One! Voluntarily permit me. I would like to confess my sinful acts committed while walking. I honour your permission. I desire to absolve myself of the sinful acts by confessing them. I seek forgiveness from all those living beings which I may have tortured while walking, coming and going, treading on living organism, seeds, green grass, dew drops, ant hills, moss, live water, live earth, spider web and others. I seek forgiveness from all these living beings, be they — one sensed, two sensed, three sensed, four sensed or five sensed. Which I may have kicked, covered with dust, rubbed with ground, collided with other, turned upside down, tormented, frightened, shifted from one place to another or killed and deprived them of their lives. (By confessing) may I be absolved of all these sins.
</blockquote>

Jain texts quote [[Mahavira|Māhavīra]] on forgiveness:<ref>{{cite book | translator-last =Jacobi | translator-first =Hermann | translator-link =Hermann Jacobi | editor =[[Max Müller|F. Max Müller]] | title =The Uttarādhyayana Sūtra | publisher =The Clarendon Press | year =1895 | location =Oxford | language =en | url =https://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm | series =[[Sacred Books of the East|Sacred Books of the East vol.45, Part 2]] | isbn =978-0-7007-1538-1 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090704214930/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm | archive-date =2009-07-04 }} ''Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1895 reprint.''</ref>

{{quote|By practicing {{transliteration|sa|[[Prāyaścitta|prāyaṣcitta]]}} (repentance), a soul gets rid of sins, and commits no transgressions; he who correctly practises {{transliteration|sa|prāyaṣcitta}} gains the road and the reward of the road, he wins the reward of good conduct. By begging forgiveness he obtains happiness of mind; thereby he acquires a kind disposition towards all kinds of living beings; by this kind disposition he obtains purity of character and freedom from fear.|Māhavīra in '' [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttarādhyayana Sūtra]]'' 29:17–18}}

The code of conduct among [[Jain monasticism|monks]] requires them to ask forgiveness for all transgressions:<ref>{{cite book | last =Jacobi | first =Hermann | author-link =Hermann Jacobi | editor =[[Max Müller|F. Max Müller]] | title =The Kalpa Sūtra | publisher =The Clarendon Press | year =1884 | location =Oxford | language =en | url =https://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2200.htm | series =[[Sacred Books of the East]] | volume=22, Part 1| isbn =978-0-7007-1538-1 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070929151006/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2200.htm | archive-date =2007-09-29 }} ''Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884'' reprint.</ref>
{{quote|If among monks or nuns occurs a quarrel or dispute or dissension, the young monk should ask forgiveness of the superior, and the superior of the young monk. They should forgive and ask forgiveness, appease and be appeased, and converse without restraint. For him who is appeased, there will be success (in control); for him who is not appeased, there will be no success; therefore one should appease one's self. "Why has this been said, Sir? Peace is the essence of monasticism."|''Kalpa Sūtra'' 8:59}}