Death

== Death before birth ==
Death before birth can happen in several ways: [[stillbirth]], when the [[fetus]] dies before or during the delivery process; [[miscarriage]], when the embryo dies before independent survival; and abortion, the artificial termination of the pregnancy. Stillbirth and miscarriage can happen for various reasons, while abortion is carried out purposely.

=== Stillbirth ===
{{Main|Stillbirth}}
Stillbirth can happen right before or after the delivery of a fetus. It can result from [[Birth defect|defects]] of the fetus or [[risk factor]]s present in the mother. Reductions of these factors, [[caesarean section]]s when risks are present, and early detection of birth defects have lowered the rate of stillbirth. However, 1% of births in the United States end in a stillbirth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldenberg |first1=Rl |last2=Kirby |first2=R |last3=Culhane |first3=Jf |date=2004-08-01 |title=Stillbirth: a review |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/jmf.16.2.79.94 |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=79–94 |doi=10.1080/jmf.16.2.79.94 |s2cid=218875617 |issn=1476-7058}}</ref>

=== Miscarriage ===
{{Main|Miscarriage}}
A miscarriage is defined by the [[World Health Organization]] as, "The expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500g or less." Miscarriage is one of the most frequent problems in pregnancy, and is reported in around 12–15% of all [[Pregnancy|clinical pregnancies]]; however, by including pregnancy losses during [[menstruation]], it could be up to 17–22% of all pregnancies. There are many risk-factors involved in miscarriage; consumption of [[caffeine]], tobacco, [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], drugs, having a previous miscarriage, and the use of abortion can increase the chances of having a miscarriage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Enguídanos |first1=A |last2=Calle |first2=M.E |last3=Valero |first3=J |last4=Luna |first4=S |last5=Domínguez-Rojas |first5=V |date=May 10, 2002 |title=Risk factors in miscarriage: a review |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |language=en |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=111–119 |doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(01)00613-3 |pmid=11950476}}</ref>

=== Abortion ===
{{Main|Abortion}}
An abortion may be performed for many reasons, such as [[pregnancy from rape]], financial constraints of having a child, [[teenage pregnancy]], and the lack of support from a [[significant other]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finer |first1=Lawrence B. |last2=Frohwirth |first2=Lori F. |last3=Dauphinee |first3=Lindsay A. |last4=Singh |first4=Sushella |last5=Moore |first5=Ann M. |date=September 1, 2005 |title=Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2005/reasons-us-women-have-abortions-quantitative-and-qualitative-perspectives |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=100–118 |doi=10.1363/3711005 |doi-broken-date=4 April 2024 |via=Guttmacher Institute |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725161614/https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2005/reasons-us-women-have-abortions-quantitative-and-qualitative-perspectives |url-status=live }}</ref> There are two forms of abortion: a [[medical abortion]] and an in-clinic abortion or sometimes referred to as a surgical abortion. A medical abortion involves taking a pill that will terminate the pregnancy no more than 11 weeks past the last [[Menstrual cycle|period]], and an in-clinic abortion involves a medical procedure using suction to empty the uterus; this is possible after 12 weeks, but it may be more difficult to find an operating doctor who will go through with the procedure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Attia |date=November 21, 2019 |title=What are the different types of abortion? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/ask-experts/what-are-the-different-types-of-abortion |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=Planned Parenthood |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503201622/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/ask-experts/what-are-the-different-types-of-abortion |url-status=live }}</ref>