Crusades Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===The final crusades=== {{main|Eighth Crusade|Lord Edward's Crusade}} After the defeat of the Crusaders in Egypt, Louis remained in Syria until 1254 to consolidate the crusader states.<ref>{{harvnb|Asbridge|2012|pp=606β608}}</ref> A brutal power struggle developed in Egypt between various [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] leaders and the remaining weak Ayyubid rulers. The threat presented by an invasion by the Mongols led to one of the competing Mamluk leaders, [[Qutuz]], seizing the sultanate in 1259 and uniting with another faction led by [[Baibars]] to defeat the Mongols at [[Battle of Ain Jalut|Ain Jalut]]. The Mamluks then quickly gained control of Damascus and Aleppo before Qutuz was assassinated and Baibers assumed control.<ref>{{harvnb|Asbridge|2012|pp=616β621}}</ref> Between 1265 and 1271, Baibars drove the Franks to a few small coastal outposts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tyerman|2006|pp=816β817}}</ref> Baibars had three key objectives: to prevent an alliance between the Latins and the Mongols, to cause dissension among the Mongols (particularly between the [[Golden Horde]] and the Persian [[Ilkhanate]]), and to maintain access to a supply of slave recruits from the Russian steppes. He supported [[Manfred, King of Sicily|Manfred of Sicily's]] failed resistance to the attack of Charles and the papacy. Dissension in the crusader states led to conflicts such as the [[War of Saint Sabas]]. Venice drove the Genoese from Acre to Tyre where they continued to trade with Egypt. Indeed, Baibars negotiated free passage for the Genoese with [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|Michael{{nbsp}}VIII Palaiologos]], [[Empire of Nicaea|Emperor of Nicaea]], the newly restored ruler of Constantinople.<ref>{{harvnb|Asbridge|2012|pp=628β630}}</ref> In 1270 Charles turned his brother King Louis{{nbsp}}IX's crusade, known as the [[Eighth Crusade]], to his own advantage by persuading him to attack [[Tunis]]. The crusader army was devastated by disease, and Louis himself died at Tunis on 25{{nbsp}}August. The fleet returned to France. [[Edward I of England|Prince Edward]], the future king of England, and a small retinue arrived too late for the conflict but continued to the Holy Land in what is known as [[Lord Edward's crusade|Lord Edward's Crusade]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Summerson|2005|}}</ref> Edward survived an assassination attempt, negotiated a ten-year truce, and then returned to manage his affairs in England. This ended the last significant crusading effort in the eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{Harvnb|Asbridge|2012|pp=643β644}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page