Birmingham campaign

====Images of the day====
[[File:Birmingham campaign dogs.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=A black and white photograph of a black male teenager being held by his sweater by a Birmingham policeman and being charged by the officer's leashed German Shepherd while another police officer with a dog and a crowd of black bystanders in the background look on|[[Bill Hudson (photographer)|Bill Hudson]]'s image of Parker High School student Walter Gadsden being attacked by dogs was published in ''The New York Times'' on May 4, 1963.]]
The images had a profound effect in Birmingham.  Despite decades of disagreements, when the photos were released, "the black community was instantaneously consolidated behind King", according to David Vann, who would later serve as mayor of Birmingham.<ref name="nyt5-3-63"/><ref>Hampton, p.&nbsp;133.</ref>  Horrified at what the Birmingham police were doing to protect segregation, New York Senator [[Jacob K. Javits]] declared, "the country won't tolerate it", and pressed Congress to pass a civil rights bill.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Javits Denounces Birmingham Police
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1963-05-05
|page=82}}</ref> Similar reactions were reported by Kentucky Senator [[John Sherman Cooper|Sherman Cooper]], and Oregon Senator [[Wayne Morse]], who compared Birmingham to [[South Africa under apartheid]].<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Birmingham's use of dogs assailed
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1963-05-07
|page=32}}</ref> A ''New York Times'' editorial called the behavior of the Birmingham police "a national disgrace."<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Outrage in Alabama
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1963-05-05
|page=200}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' editorialized, "The spectacle in Birmingham&nbsp;... must excite the sympathy of the rest of the country for the decent, just, and reasonable citizens of the community, who have so recently demonstrated at the polls their lack of support for the very policies that have produced the Birmingham riots. The authorities who tried, by these brutal means, to stop the freedom marchers do not speak or act in the name of the enlightened people of the city."<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Violence in Birmingham
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|date=1963-05-05
|page=E5}}</ref> President Kennedy sent Assistant Attorney General [[Burke Marshall]] to Birmingham to help negotiate a truce.  Marshall faced a [[stalemate]] when merchants and protest organizers refused to budge.<ref>Eskew, p.&nbsp;270.</ref>