Bill Clinton

==== Investigations ====
In November 1993, [[David Hale (Whitewater)|David Hale]]—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.<ref name="salon031798">{{cite news |last1=Broder |first1=Jonathan |last2=Waas |first2=Murray |author2-link=Murray Waas |date=March 17, 1998 |title=The Road To Hale |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |url=http://www.salon.com/news/1998/03/cov_17news.html |url-status=dead |access-date=August 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616194202/http://salon.com/news/1998/03/cov_17news.html |archive-date=June 16, 2006}}</ref> A [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] investigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Washingtonpost.com: Caught in the Whitewater Quagmire |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/whitewater/stories/wwtr950828.htm |access-date=October 23, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Investigations by [[Robert B. Fiske]] and [[Ken Starr]] found insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 21, 2002 |title='Insufficient Evidence' Ends Whitewater Case |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-21-mn-33965-story.html |access-date=October 23, 2022 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Washingtonpost.com: Whitewater Special Report |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/whitewater112098.htm |access-date=October 23, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

The [[White House FBI files controversy]] of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to [[FBI]] security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ray |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Ray (prosecutor) |date=March 16, 2000 |title=Final Report of the Independent Counsel&nbsp;... of the Investigation In Re: Anthony Marceca |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/icreport/marceca/sec1-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/icreport/marceca/sec1-2.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |access-date=August 30, 2011 |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In March 2000, Independent Counsel [[Robert Ray (prosecutor)|Robert Ray]] determined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, "there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved" in seeking the files.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 28, 2000 |title=Independent counsel: No evidence to warrant prosecution against first lady in 'filegate' |work=CNN|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate |url-status=dead |access-date=April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529015957/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate/ |archive-date=May 29, 2010}}</ref>

On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused the [[White House travel office controversy]] even though the travel office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could be [[At-will employment|dismissed without cause]]. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clinton |first=Hillary |title=Living History |title-link=Living History (book) |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7432-2224-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/livinghistory00clin/page/n189 172] |author-link=Hillary Clinton}}</ref> Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gormley |first=Ken |url=https://archive.org/details/deathofamericanv00gorm/page/70 |title=The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr |publisher=[[Crown Publishers]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-307-40944-7 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deathofamericanv00gorm/page/70 70–71] |author-link=Ken Gormley (academic)}}</ref> The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AllPolitics - Travelgate Report OK'd - Sept. 18, 1996 |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9609/18/travelgate/index.shtml |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave "factually false" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2007 |title=III. Findings |url=http://a255.g.akamaitech.net/7/255/2422/13may20041504/icreport.access.gpo.gov/watkins/13-17.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628181404/http://a255.g.akamaitech.net/7/255/2422/13may20041504/icreport.access.gpo.gov/watkins/13-17.pdf |archive-date=June 28, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AllPolitics - Travelgate Report OK'd - Sept. 18, 1996 |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9609/18/travelgate/index.shtml |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref>