Zimbabwe

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Zimbabwe}}
{{See also|Child marriage in Zimbabwe}}
[[File:Demonstration against Mugabe.JPG|thumb|right|A demonstration in [[London]] against [[Robert Mugabe]]. Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/03/2437229.htm|title=Police baton charge Harare protesters|date=3 December 2008|work=ABC News}}</ref>]]
There are widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the Mugabe administration and the dominant ZANU–PF party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard-Hassmann|first=Rhoda E.|date=24 November 2010|title=Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|volume=32|issue=4|pages=898–920|doi=10.1353/hrq.2010.0030|s2cid=143046672|issn=1085-794X}}</ref> According to human rights organisations such as Amnesty International<ref name="AI">{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/zwe-summary-eng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203015112/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/zwe-summary-eng|archive-date=3 December 2007|title=Zimbabwe|access-date=2 December 2007|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> and [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref name="hrw">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/zimbab14720.htm|title=Zimbabwe – Events of 2006|access-date=2 December 2007|publisher=Human Rights Watch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011095246/http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/zimbab14720.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter, food, [[freedom of movement]] and residence, [[freedom of assembly]] and the [[rule of law|protection of the law]]. In 2009, Gregory Stanton, president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, stated there was "clear evidence that Mugabe government was guilty of crimes against humanity and that there was sufficient evidence of crimes against humanity to bring Mugabe to trial in front of the [[International Criminal Court]]."<ref>Howard-Hassmann 2010, p.&nbsp;909</ref>

Male [[homosexuality]] is [[LGBT rights in Zimbabwe|illegal in Zimbabwe]]. Since 1995, the government has [[LGBT rights opposition|carried out campaigns]] against both homosexual men and women.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]|date=17 May 2016}}</ref> President Mugabe has blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe's problems and viewed homosexuality as an "un-African" and immoral culture brought by European colonists and practised by only "a few whites" in his country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/523162.stm|title=BBC News – Africa – Zimbabwe gay rights face dim future|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of reprisals by the police force, such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 MDC rally and several others during the 2008 election campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10517688|title=Zimbabwe election violence spreads to Harare|access-date=7 December 2008|work=The New Zealand Herald|first=Raymond|last=Whitaker|date=22 June 2008}}</ref> Police actions have been strongly condemned by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], the European Union, and the United States.<ref name="bbc_Morgan">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6449691.stm|title=Unbowed Tsvangirai urges defiance|access-date=2 December 2007|date=14 March 2007|publisher=BBC}}</ref> There are also concerns over Fox Southwest media rights and access. The Zimbabwean government is accused of suppressing freedom of the press and freedom of speech.<ref name="AI" /> It has been repeatedly accused of using the public broadcaster, the [[Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation]], as a propaganda tool.<ref name="propaganda">[http://www.pressreference.com/Uz-Z/Zimbabwe.html Zimbabwe Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers] ''Press Reference'', 2006.</ref> Newspapers critical of the government, such as the ''[[Daily News (Harare)|Daily News]]'', closed after bombs exploded at their offices and the government refused to renew their licence.<ref name="bombs">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1141168.stm|title=Zimbabwe newspaper bombed|work=BBC News|date=28 January 2001|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="license">{{cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DB1E3BF934A35751C0A9629C8B63|title=Zimbabwe: Newspaper Silenced|work=The New York Times|date=7 February 2004|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> [[BBC News]], [[Sky News]], and [[CNN]] were banned from filming or reporting from Zimbabwe. In 2009 reporting restrictions on the BBC and CNN were lifted.<ref name="Telegraph">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/5935043/Zimbabwe-lifts-reporting-ban-on-BBC-and-CNN-after-eight-years.html "Zimbabwe lifts reporting ban on BBC and CNN"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 30 July 2009.</ref> Sky News continues to report on happenings within Zimbabwe from neighbouring countries like South Africa.<ref name="networks">{{cite news|author=Nkosi, Milton|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newswatch/ukfs/hi/newsid_4400000/newsid_4401700/4401767.stm|title=Why did Zimbabwe ban the BBC?|work=BBC News|date=1 April 2005|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080623173259/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe |archive-date=23 June 2008 |title=Al Jazeera kicked out of Zimbabwe |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016 }}, zimbabwemetro.com, 22 June 2008.</ref>

On 24 July 2020, the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) expressed concerns over allegations suggesting that Zimbabwean authorities may have used the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] crisis as a pretext to suppress freedom of expression and peaceful assembly on the streets. OHCHR spokesperson Liz Throssell stated that people have a right to protest corruption or anything else. The authorities in Zimbabwe used force to disperse and arrest nurses and health workers, who were peacefully protesting for better salaries and work conditions. The reports suggest that a few members of opposition party and investigative journalists were also arbitrarily arrested and detained for taking part in a protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1069011|title=Zimbabwe: COVID-19 must not be used to stifle freedoms, says UN rights office|access-date=24 July 2020|website=UN News|date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

On 5 August 2020, the #ZimbabweanLivesMatter campaign on [[Twitter]] drew attention of international celebrities and politicians towards human rights abuses in the country, mounting pressure on Emmerson Mnangagwa's government. The campaign was in response to arrests, abductions and torture of political activists and the incarceration of journalist [[Hopewell Chin'ono]] and the [[Booker Prize]] shortlisted author [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/aug/05/zimbabweanlivesmatter-celebrities-join-campaign-against-human-rights-abuses|title=#ZimbabweanLivesMatter: celebrities join campaign against human rights abuses|access-date=5 August 2020|website=The Guardian|date=5 August 2020}}</ref>