Witchcraft

==== Islamic ====
{{Main|Islam and magic}}
Islamic perspectives on magic encompass a wide range of practices,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savage-Smith |first= Emilie  |author-link= Emilie Savage-Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ3QgAACAAJ |title=Magic and Divination in Early Islam |date=2004 |publisher=Ashgate/Variorum |isbn=978-0860787150 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-25 |archive-date=2021-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192648/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ3QgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> with belief in black magic and the [[evil eye]] coexisting alongside strict prohibitions against its practice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khaldûn |first=Ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRCnDwAAQBAJ |title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History |edition= Abridged |date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691166285 |page=578 |language=en |access-date=2021-05-04 |archive-date=2021-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192648/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRCnDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Quran]] acknowledges the existence of magic and seeks protection from its harm. Islam's stance is against the practice of magic, considering it forbidden, and emphasizes divine [[Miracle|miracles]] rather than magic or witchcraft.<ref>Savage-Smith, Emilie, ed. Magic and divination in early Islam. Routledge, 2021. p. 87</ref> The historical continuity of witchcraft in the Middle East underlines the complex interaction between spiritual beliefs and societal norms across different cultures and [[Epoch|epochs]].