Vancouver

=== Ethnicity ===
{{Further|Demographics of Metro Vancouver#Ethnicity|Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver|South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver|Chinatown, Vancouver|Japantown, Vancouver|Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Greektown, Vancouver}}

{{Pie chart
 | caption=[[Panethnicity|Pan-ethnic]] breakdown of Vancouver from the [[Canada 2021 Census|2021 census]]<ref name="2021censusB" />
 | label1 = European{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="euro"}}
 | value1 = 43.22
 | color1 = #8dd3c7
 | label2 = East Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on the census.|name="EastAsian"}}
 | value2 = 29.26
 | color2 = #fb8072
 | label3 = Southeast Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on the census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
 | value3 = 9.1
 | color3 = #bebada
 | label4 = South Asian
 | value4 = 6.9
 | color4 = #fccde5
 | label5 = Latin American
 | value5 = 2.78
 | color5 = #ffffb3
 | label6 = Middle Eastern{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on the census.|name="MiddleEastern"}}
 | value6 = 2.44
 | color6 = #80b1d3
 | label7 = [[Indigenous peoples of Canada|Indigenous]]
 | value7 = 2.25
 | color7 = #fdb462
 | label8 = African
 | value8 = 1.31
 | color8 = #b3de69
 | label9 = Other{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under the visible minority section on the census.|name="Other"}}
 | value9 = 2.74
 | color9 = #d9d9d9
}}
Vancouver has been called a "city of neighbourhoods." Each neighbourhood in Vancouver has a distinct character and ethnic mix.<ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas R. |last=Berger |title=A City of Neighbourhoods: Report of the 2004 Vancouver Electoral Reform Commission |publisher=City of Vancouver |website=vancouver.ca |date=June 8, 2004 |url=http://vancouver.ca/erc/pdf/verc_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125152652/http://vancouver.ca/erc/pdf/verc_report.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> People of English, Scottish, and Irish origins were historically the largest ethnic groups in the city,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo27y-eng.htm |title=Population by selected ethnic origins, by census metropolitan areas (2006 Census) |publisher=Statistics Canada |year=2006 |access-date=December 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115171531/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo27y-eng.htm |archive-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> and elements of British society and culture are still visible in some areas, particularly [[South Granville Rise|South Granville]] and [[Kerrisdale]]. [[German Canadians|Germans]] are the next-largest European ethnic group in Vancouver and were a leading force in the city's society and economy until the rise of anti-German sentiment with the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914.<ref name="STEV" /> Today the [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] are the largest visible ethnic group in Vancouver; the city has a diverse [[Chinese language|Chinese-speaking]] community with speakers of several dialects, notably [[Cantonese]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]].<ref name="GVB" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Visible minorities, by census metropolitan areas (2006 Census) |url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo53g-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205754/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo53g-eng.htm |archive-date=August 10, 2011 |access-date=December 1, 2009 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> Neighbourhoods with distinct ethnic commercial areas include [[Chinatown, Vancouver|Chinatown]], [[Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Punjabi Market]], [[Little Italy, Vancouver|Little Italy]], [[Greektown, Vancouver|Greektown]], and (formerly) [[Japantown, Vancouver|Japantown]].

Since the 1980s, [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] increased substantially, making the city more [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnically]] and linguistically diverse; 49 percent of Vancouver's residents do not speak [[English language|English]] as their first language.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Census Profile 2016 Census Greater Vancouver |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=October 2, 2018 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> Over 25 percent of the city's inhabitants are of Chinese heritage.<ref name="VancouverCityMinority2021" /> In the 1980s, an influx of immigrants from [[Hong Kong]] in anticipation of [[Handover of Hong Kong|the transfer of sovereignty]] from the United Kingdom to China, combined with an increase in immigrants from [[mainland China]] and previous immigrants from [[Taiwan]], established in Vancouver one of the highest concentrations of ethnic Chinese residents in North America.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cernetig |first=Miro |date=June 30, 2007 |title=Chinese Vancouver: A decade of change |url=http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/features/newhongkong/story.html?id=011b7438-172c-4126-ba42-2c85828bd6ce |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180032/http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/features/newhongkong/story.html?id=011b7438-172c-4126-ba42-2c85828bd6ce |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |access-date=January 25, 2010 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]]}}</ref> Another significant [[Asian Canadians|Asian]] ethnic group in Vancouver includes [[South Asian Canadians|South Asians]], forming approximately 7 percent of the city's inhabitants; while a small community had existed in the city since 1897,<ref>Walton-Roberts, Margaret. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf |date=February 5, 2016 }}", p. 317.</ref> larger waves of migration began in the 1950s and 1960s,<ref name="SikhsOfVancouver">{{cite thesis |last=Campbell |first=Michael Graeme |date=1977 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0094087 |title=The Sikhs of Vancouver : a case study in minority-host relations |publisher=University of British Columbia |doi=10.14288/1.0094087 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018184049/https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094087 |url-status=live }}</ref> prompting new [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] immigrants to establish a ''[[Little India]]'' (known as [[Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Punjabi Market]]) and preside{{clarify|date=September 2023}} over much of the mass construction of the ''[[Vancouver Special]]'' across the southeastern quadrant of the city,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vancouver Special Sunset Project |url=https://www.vancouverheritagefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Final-Copy-Vancouver-Special.pdf |access-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705063826/http://www.vancouverheritagefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Final-Copy-Vancouver-Special.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Booming Vancouver: The Beginning of the Vancouver Special |date=September 11, 2013 |url=http://spacing.ca/vancouver/2013/09/11/booming-vancouver-beginning-vancouver-special/ |access-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107004409/http://spacing.ca/vancouver/2013/09/11/booming-vancouver-beginning-vancouver-special/ |url-status=live }}</ref> notably within the [[Sunset, Vancouver|Sunset neighbourhood]] prior to the [[suburbanization]] of the community to outer suburbs such as Surrey or Delta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2019/08/02/Punjabi-Market-Vancouver-Past-Present-Future-50-Anniversary/ |title=Punjabi Market — Past, Present and Future |date=August 2, 2019 |access-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802230603/https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2019/08/02/Punjabi-Market-Vancouver-Past-Present-Future-50-Anniversary/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 4, 2013 |title=Can Vancouver's Little India District Survive |work=News 1130 |url=https://www.citynews1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609233003/https://www.citynews1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thethunderbird.ca/2008/11/13/vancouver%E2%80%99s-punjabi-market-falls-on-hard-times/ |title=Vancouver's Punjabi Market falls on hard times |date=November 13, 2008 |access-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802230603/https://thethunderbird.ca/2008/11/13/vancouver%E2%80%99s-punjabi-market-falls-on-hard-times/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other Asian-origin groups that reside in Vancouver include [[Filipino Canadians|Filipinos]] (5.9%), [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]] (1.7%), [[Korean Canadians|Korean]] (1.7%), [[West Asian Canadians|West Asians]] (1.9%), as well as sizable communities of [[Vietnamese Canadians|Vietnamese]], [[Indonesian Canadians|Indonesians]], and [[Cambodian Canadians|Cambodians]].<ref name="VancouverCityMinority2021" /> Despite increases in [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]] immigration to Vancouver in the 1980s and 1990s, recent immigration has been comparatively low. However, growth in the Latino population{{snd}}which largely consists of [[Mexican Canadian|Mexicans]] and [[Salvadoran Canadian|Salvadorans]]{{snd}}rose in the late 2010s and early 2020s. African immigration has been similarly stagnant (3.6% and 3.3% of total immigrant population, respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiebert |first=Daniel |date=June 2009 |title=The Economic Integration of Immigrants in Metropolitan Vancouver |url=http://www.irpp.org/choices/archive/vol15no7.pdf |journal=Choices |publisher=[[Institute for Research on Public Policy]] |volume=15 |issue=7 |page=6 |eissn=0711-0677 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130181145/http://www.irpp.org/choices/archive/vol15no7.pdf |archive-date=November 30, 2012 |access-date=July 13, 2009}}</ref> The [[Black Canadians|black]] population of Vancouver is small in comparison to other Canadian major cities, making up 1.3 percent of the city. [[Hogan's Alley, Vancouver|Hogan's Alley]], a small area adjacent to Chinatown, just off Main Street at Prior, was once home to a significant black community. The Black population consists of [[Somali Canadian|Somalis]], Jamaicans/Caribbeans, and other groups, including those who descended from African Americans. The neighbourhood of [[Strathcona, Vancouver|Strathcona]] was the core of the city's [[History of the Jews in Canada|Jewish]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2019 |title=North of the Colour Line: Sleeping Car Porters and the Battle Against Jim Crow on Canadian Rails, 1880-1920 {{!}} History Cooperative |url=https://historycooperative.org/north-colour-line-sleeping-car-porters-battle-jim-crow-canadian-rails-1880-1920/ |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=historycooperative.org |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925211205/https://historycooperative.org/north-colour-line-sleeping-car-porters-battle-jim-crow-canadian-rails-1880-1920/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2006 |title=Community Profiles |url=http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/community_profiles/strathcona/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171154/http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/community_profiles/strathcona/history.htm |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |publisher=City of Vancouver}}</ref> In 1981, approximately 24 percent of the city population belonged to a [[visible minority]] group;<ref name="population1981">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=April 3, 2013 |title=1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 – provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling British Columbia. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838030/publication.html |access-date=February 13, 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122164607/https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838030/publication.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|127}} at the same time, this proportion was roughly 14 percent for the entire [[Greater Vancouver|metropolitan area]].<ref name="Minority1981to2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=January 21, 2003 |title=Canada's Ethnocultural Portrait: The Changing Mosaic, 2001 Census – ARCHIVED |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/96F0030X2001008 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210132003/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/96F0030X2001008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/lp/lo/lswe/we/special_projects/RacismFreeInitiative/Pendakur.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016204636/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/lp/lo/lswe/we/special_projects/RacismFreeInitiative/Pendakur.shtml |archive-date=October 16, 2008 |first=Krishna |last=Pendakur |date=December 13, 2005 |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada |access-date=January 24, 2010}}</ref> By 2016, the proportion in the city had grown to 52 percent.<ref name="VancouverCityMinority2016">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=October 6, 2022 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006094003/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the Hong Kong diaspora of the 1990s, the largest non-British ethnic groups in the city were [[Irish Canadians|Irish]] and [[German Canadians|German]], followed by [[Scandinavia]]n, [[Italian Canadians|Italian]], [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian]], Chinese, and [[Punjabi Canadians|Punjabi]]. From the mid-1950s until the 1980s, many [[Portuguese Canadians|Portuguese]] immigrants came to Vancouver, and the city had the third-largest Portuguese population in Canada in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |first=Henrique |last=Santos |title=Portuguese-Canadians and Their Academic Underachievement in High School in British Columbia: The Case of an Invisible Minority |url=https://www.sfu.ca/mpp-old/pdf_news/Capstone/Santos_Rick.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=Simon Fraser University |access-date=May 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613034148/http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/navres/1/1-n_eng.asp?category=106 |archive-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> Eastern Europeans, including [[Russians]], [[Czechs]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Romanians]] and [[Hungarians]] began immigrating after the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe after [[World War II]].<ref name="STEV" /> [[Greeks|Greek]] immigration increased in the late 1960s and early '70s, with most settling in the [[Kitsilano]] area. Vancouver also has a significant [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|aboriginal]] community of about 15,000 people.<ref name="indigenous2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810026601 |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027012129/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810026601 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="VancouverCityMinority2021"/>

Vancouver has a large [[LGBT community]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Gay U.S. couples can't get divorces for Canadian marriages |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gay-u-s-couples-can-t-get-divorces-for-canadian-marriages-1.852393 |date=September 25, 2009 |work=CBC News |access-date=January 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929083016/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gay-u-s-couples-can-t-get-divorces-for-canadian-marriages-1.852393 |archive-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> with a recognized [[Gay village|gay male enclave]] focused in the West End neighbourhood of the downtown core, particularly along Davie Street, officially designated as [[Davie Village]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Gay clubs build community in Vancouver |url=https://www.straight.com/article-155715/gay-clubs-build-community |first=Matthew |last=Burrows |date=July 31, 2008 |work=[[The Georgia Straight]] |access-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127224034/http://www.straight.com/article-155715/gay-clubs-build-community |archive-date=November 27, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> though the gay community is omnipresent throughout West End and Yaletown areas. Vancouver is host to one of the country's largest annual [[pride parade]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Milk protégé praises Vancouver Pride celebration |first=Andrew |last=Weichel |work=CTV News |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/milk-prot-g-praises-vancouver-pride-celebration-1.422070 |date=August 2, 2009 |access-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810060032/http://www.ctvbc.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20090802/bc_pride_parade_090802/20090802/?hub=BritishColumbiaHome |archive-date=August 10, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>