United States presidential inauguration

===Inaugural parade===
[[File:Garfield inauguration.jpg|thumb|The Inaugural Parade on [[Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Pennsylvania Avenue]] passes the presidential reviewing stand in front of the [[White House]] in March 1881.]]
[[File:President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush Lead the Inaugural Parade down Pennsylvania Avenue en Route the White House.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Second inauguration of George W. Bush|Inauguration Day, January 20, 2005]]:  President [[George W. Bush]] and First Lady [[Laura Bush]] lead the inaugural parade from the Capitol, down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House]]

Following the arrival of the presidential entourage to the [[White House]], it is customary for the president, vice-president, their respective families and leading members of the government and military to review an inaugural parade from an enclosed stand at the edge of the [[North Lawn (White House)|North Lawn]], a custom begun by [[James Garfield]] in 1881. The parade, which proceeds along {{convert|1.5|mi}} of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the stand and the Front Lawn in view of the presidential party, features both military and civilian participants from all 50 states and the District of Columbia; this parade largely evolved from the post-inaugural procession to the White House, and occurred as far back as [[second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson's second inauguration]] in 1805, when workers from the [[Washington Navy Yard]], accompanied by military music, marched with the president<ref name="MBhistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.marineband.marines.mil/Portals/175/Site%20Images/Inauguration/Marine%20Band%20Inauguration%20History_2017.pdf?ver=2017-01-11-113551-543|title=Marine Band Inauguration History|publisher=Marine Band Public Affairs Office|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref> on foot as he rode on horseback from the Capitol to the White House. By the time of [[William Henry Harrison]]'s inauguration in 1841, political clubs and marching societies would regularly travel to Washington for the parade. That year was also the first in which floats were part of the parade. It was at Lincoln's second inauguration, in 1865, that Native Americans and African Americans participated in the inaugural parade for the first time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bendat |first=Jim |title=Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789-2013 |publisher=iUniverse |year=2012 |pages=106–108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx6keVq2Fs0C&q=1885+inauguration+parade&pg=PA194 |isbn=978-1-935278-47-4}}</ref> Women were involved for the first time in 1917.<ref name="fromWtoT">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/01/19/washington-obama-inauguration-firsts/96728070/|title=From Washington to Trump: Inauguration firsts|last=Rossman|first=Sean|date=January 20, 2017|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref>

In 1829, following his first inaugural parade, [[Andrew Jackson]] held a public reception at the White House, during which 20,000 people created such a crush that Jackson had to escape through a window. Nevertheless, White House receptions continued until lengthy afternoon parades created scheduling problems. Reviving the idea in 1989, President [[George H. W. Bush]] invited the public to a "White House American Welcome" on the day after the inaugural.<ref name="new times">{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/presidential-inaugurations-celebrate-new-times|title=Presidential Inaugurations: Celebrate New Times|publisher=The White House Historical Association|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref>

[[Grover Cleveland]]’s 1885 inaugural parade lasted three hours and showcased 25,000 marchers. Eighty years later, [[Lyndon Johnson]]’s parade included 52 select bands.<ref name="new times"/> [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s 1953 parade included about 22,000 service men and women and 5,000 civilians, which included 50 state and organization floats costing $100,000. There were also 65 musical units, 350 horses, 3 elephants, an Alaskan dog team, and the [[M65 atomic cannon|280-millimeter atomic cannon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/all_about_ike/presidential/1953_inauguration.html|title=1953 Presidential Inauguration|publisher=Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum & Boyhood Home|access-date=January 27, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401212417/https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/all_about_ike/presidential/1953_inauguration.html|archive-date=April 1, 2015}}</ref>

In 1977, [[Jimmy Carter]] became the first president to set out by foot for more than a mile on the route to the White House. The walk has become a tradition that has been matched in ceremony if not in length by the presidents who followed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/us/trump-inaugural-parade-walk.html?_r=0|title=The Inaugural Parade, and the Presidents Who Walked It|last=Hauser|date=January 19, 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref>

Twice during the 20th century, an inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue was not held. In 1945, at the height of [[World War II]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s fourth Inauguration was simple and austere with no fanfare or formal celebration following the event. There was no parade because of [[Rationing in the United States|gas rationing]] and a lumber shortage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/past-inaugural-ceremonies/40th-inaugural-ceremonies/|title=The 40th Presidential Inauguration Franklin D. Roosevelt January 20, 1945|publisher=The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies|access-date=January 31, 2017|archive-date=September 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923110151/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/past-inaugural-ceremonies/40th-inaugural-ceremonies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1985, with the [[1985 North American cold wave|temperature near]] {{convert|7|F}},<ref name=rpwmdf>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7lhWAAAAIBAJ&pg=5602%2C2961416 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington)|agency=Associated Press|title=Reagan: Peace with mighty defense |date=January 22, 1985 |page=A1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/rwreagan1985.cfm |title=Inauguration of President Ronald Wilson Reagan, 1985 |access-date=2018-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006180020/http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/rwreagan1985.cfm |archive-date=2012-10-06 }}</ref> all outdoor events for [[Ronald Reagan]]'s second inauguration were canceled or moved indoors.<ref name="MBhistory"/>