Saint Peter

===Antioch===
{{Main|Incident at Antioch}}

According to the Epistle to the Galatians ({{bibleverse-nb|Galatians|2:11}}), Peter went to Antioch where Paul rebuked him for following the conservative line regarding the conversion of Gentiles, having meals separate from Gentiles.{{refn|group=note|Galatians is accepted as authentic by almost all scholars. These may be the earliest mentions of Peter to be written. Eusebius of Caesarea, in his "[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]] (I,12:2)" while naming some of the Seventy Disciples of Jesus, says: "This is the account of Clement, in the fifth book of ''Hypotyposes'' (A.D. 190); in which he also says that Cephas was one of the seventy disciples, a man who bore the same name as the apostle Peter, and the one concerning whom Paul says, [When Cephas came to Antioch I withstood him to his face.]"<ref>{{cite web|author=Eusebius|title=Church History Book I, Chapter 12:2|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250101.htm|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref>
:(ἡ δ᾿ ἱστορία παρὰ Κλήμεντι κατὰ τὴν πέμπτην τῶν Ὑποτυπώσεων· ἐν ᾗ καὶ Κηφᾶν, περὶ οὗ φησιν ὁ Παῦλος· "ὅτε δὲ ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην", ἕνα φησὶ γεγονέναι τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα μαθητῶν, ὁμώνυμον Πέτρῳ τυγχάνοντα τῷ ἀποστόλῳ.)}} Subsequent tradition held that Peter had been the first [[Patriarch of Antioch]]. According to the writings of Origen<ref name="ReferenceC">Origen's homilies on Luke VI, 4. [[Patrologia Graeca]] 13:1814</ref> and Eusebius in his ''Church History (III, 36)'' Peter had founded the church of Antioch.<ref name="Eusebius">{{cite web|author=Eusebius|title=Church History Book III, Chapter 36|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref>

Later accounts expand on the brief biblical mention of his visit to [[Antioch]]. The ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'' (9th century) mentions Peter as having served as bishop of Antioch for seven years, and having potentially left his family in the Greek city before his journey to Rome.<ref>Louise Ropes Loomis, The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. {{ISBN|1-889758-86-8}} (Reprint of the 1916 edition).</ref> Claims of direct blood lineage from Simon Peter among the old population of Antioch existed in the 1st century and continue to exist today, notably by certain [[Semaan]] families of modern-day Syria and Lebanon. Historians have furnished other evidence of Peter's sojourn in Antioch.{{refn|group=note|This is provided in Downey, ''A History of Antioch'', pp. 583–586. This evidence is accepted by M. Lapidge, among others, see Bischoff and Lapidge, ''Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School'' (Cambridge, 1994) p. 16. Lastly, see Finegan, ''The Archaeology of the New Testament'', pp. 63–71.}}

The ''[[Clementine literature]]'', a group of related works written in the fourth century but believed to contain materials from earlier centuries, relates information about Peter that may come from earlier traditions. One is that Peter had a group of 12 to 16 followers, whom the Clementine writings name.<ref>''Homilies'', 2.1; ''Recognitions'', 2.1</ref> Another is that it provides an itinerary of Peter's route from [[Caesarea Maritima]] to Antioch, where he debated his adversary [[Simon Magus]]; during this journey he ordained [[Zacchaeus]] as the first bishop of Caesarea and Maro as the first bishop of [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripolis]]. Historian Fred Lapham suggests the route recorded in the Clementine writings may have been taken from an earlier document mentioned by [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] in his ''[[Panarion]]'' called "The Itinerary of Peter".<ref>Lapham, ''An Introduction to the New Testament Apocrypha'' (London: T&T Clark International, 2003), p. 76</ref>