Philanthropy

== Oceania ==

=== Australia ===
Structured giving in Australia through foundations<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy A.|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2012-02-22|title=Foundations for giving: why and how Australians structure their philanthropy|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48801|language=en|location=Queensland, Australia|doi=10.5204/rep.eprints.48801|doi-access=free |website=QUT ePrints }}</ref> is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2018-05-02|title=Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|volume=62|issue=13|language=en|pages=1759–1776|doi=10.1177/0002764218773495|s2cid=149469573|issn=0002-7642}}
|2={{Cite book|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy|chapter=Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized|date=2015|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy|pages=488–505|editor-last=Wiepking|editor-first=Pamala|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137341532_28|isbn=9781137343239|last2=McDonald|first2=Katie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|last4=Mossel|first4=Valérie|editor2-last=Handy|editor2-first=Femida}} }}</ref> There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally.

Two foundation types for which some data is available<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McGregor-Lowndes |first1=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |title=Ancillary Funds 2020-2021: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2023/1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/242560/ |website=QUT ePrints |date=September 2023 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006063216/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/242560/ |archive-date= Oct 6, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite journal |last1=Mcgregor-Lowndes |first1=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |date=2022-08-16 |title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/234642/ |website=QUT ePrints |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231010173629/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/234642/ |archive-date= Oct 10, 2023 }}
|2={{Cite web|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=September 2020|title=Ancillary Funds 2017-2018: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020/2, August 2020|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/204322/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=QUT ePrints|language=en}}
|3={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=2021-07-15|title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2019: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021-1|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211850/ |website=QUT ePrints |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024210719/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211850/ |archive-date= Oct 24, 2023 }} }}</ref> are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Private-ancillary-funds/|title=Private ancillary funds|website=Australian Taxation Office|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054938/https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Private-ancillary-funds/ |archive-date= Aug 6, 2018 }}</ref> and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs).<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite web|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Public-ancillary-funds/?page=3|title=Public ancillary funds|website=Australian Taxation Office|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-06}}
|2={{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra Kate|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda G.|title=Mapping the field of public ancillary funds|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12515|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration|year=2021|volume=80|issue=4|pages=748–768|language=en|doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12515|s2cid=240517564|issn=1467-8500}} }}</ref> Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the US and Europe, and do not have a public fundraising requirement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|last3=Leat|first3=Diana|last4=Furneaux|first4=Craig|date=2017|title=Founders, Families, and Futures: Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=747–771|doi=10.1177/0899764017703711|s2cid=151796260|issn=0899-7640|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105363/3/105363.pdf}}</ref> Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations, some corporate foundations, and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals, schools, museums, and art galleries.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Alexandra Kate |last2=Luke |first2=Belinda G. |date=2021-09-22 |title=Mapping the field of public ancillary funds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8500.12515|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=748–768 |doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12515 |s2cid=240517564 |issn=0313-6647}}
|2={{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra Kate|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|last3=Furneaux|first3=Craig|date=2020-09-11|title=Ties That Bind: Public Foundations in Dyadic Partnerships|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8|url-access=subscription|journal=Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations|volume=32|issue=2|pages=234–246|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8|s2cid=225218420|issn=1573-7888}} }}</ref> They must raise funds from the general public.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|date=2019-09-01|title=Publicness and the Identity of Public Foundations|journal=The Foundation Review|volume=11|issue=3|doi=10.9707/1944-5660.1482|s2cid=211317782|issn=1944-5660|url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/tfr/}}</ref>