Pantheism

===Degree of determinism===
The philosopher [[Charles Hartshorne]] used the term [[Classical Pantheism]] to describe the [[deterministic]] philosophies of Baruch Spinoza, the Stoics, and other like-minded figures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Philosophers Speak of God|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp|url-access=limited|year=1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp/page/n182 165]–210|editor=Charles Hartshorne and William Reese}}</ref> Pantheism (All-is-God) is often associated with [[monism]] (All-is-One) and some have suggested that it logically implies determinism (All-is-Now).<ref name=Plumptre/><ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite book|last=Goldsmith|first=Donald|title=E = Einstein: His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture|year=2006|publisher=Stirling Publishing|location=New York|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGzcV40b3IkC&pg=PA187|author2=Marcia Bartusiak|isbn=9781402763199}}</ref><ref>F.C. Copleston, "Pantheism in Spinoza and the German Idealists," Philosophy 21, 1946, p. 48.</ref><ref>Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, "Proceedings of the Liverpool Literary & Philosophical Society, Volumes 43–44", 1889, p. 285.</ref><ref>John Ferguson, "The Religions of the Roman Empire", Cornell University Press, 1970, p. 193.</ref> Albert Einstein explained [[theological determinism]] by stating,<ref>{{cite book|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|title=Einstein: His Life and Universe|year=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa/page/391 391] |quote=I am a determinist.|isbn=9781416539322}}</ref> "the past, present, and future are an 'illusion{{'"}}. This form of pantheism has been referred to as "extreme monism", in which{{spaced ndash}} in the words of one commentator{{spaced ndash}} "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions."<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Religion: Volume 10|year=2005|publisher=MacMillan|location=USA|isbn=978-0028657332|edition=2nd|editor=Lindsay Jones|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2}}</ref> Other examples of determinism-inclined pantheisms include those of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]],<ref>Dependence and Freedom: The Moral Thought of Horace Bushnell by David Wayne Haddorff [https://books.google.com/books?id=dL6_maZuNjYC&pg=PA156] Emerson's belief was "monistic determinism".

* Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology by Timothy Vance Kaufman-Osborn, Prometheus ((Writer)) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZiLIEQzgHcC&pg=PA28] "Things are in a saddle, and ride mankind."
* Emerson's position is "soft determinism" (a variant of determinism) [https://archive.org/details/emersonsethics00vanc/page/145].
* "The 'fate' Emerson identifies is an underlying determinism." (Fate is one of Emerson's essays) [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XhhYR2W6cC&pg=PA443].</ref> and Hegel.<ref>Hegel was a determinist" (also called a combatibilist a.k.a. soft determinist). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7tu1ZAJzl-sC&pg=PA226]

"Hegel and Marx are usually cited as the greatest proponents of historical determinism." [https://books.google.com/books?id=OF_0c51R_VUC&pg=PA238]</ref>

However, some have argued against treating every meaning of "unity" as an aspect of pantheism,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Levine|first=Michael P.|title=Pantheism, substance and unity|journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion|date=August 1992|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–23|jstor=40036697|doi=10.1007/bf01313557|s2cid=170517621}}</ref> and there exist versions of pantheism that regard determinism as an inaccurate or incomplete view of nature. Examples include the beliefs of [[John Scotus Eriugena]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=Moran |first1=Dermot |title=John Scottus Eriugena |date=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/scottus-eriugena/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2020-03-19 |last2=Guiu |first2=Adrian}}</ref> [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] and [[William James]].<ref>* Theories of the will in the history of philosophy by Archibald Alexander p. 307 Schelling holds "...that the will is not determined but self-determined." [https://archive.org/details/theorieswillinh00alexgoog/page/n319]
* The Dynamic Individualism of William James by James O. Pawelski p. 17 "[His] fight against determinism" "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will." [https://books.google.com/books?id=-21UjntpjFkC&pg=PA17]
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