Palestinians

==Society==
===Language===
{{main|Palestinian Arabic}}
[[File:Areen Omari.jpg|thumb |[[Areen Omari]], a Palestinian actress and producer, attends a motion picture ceremony]]Palestinian Arabic is a subgroup of the broader [[Levantine Arabic]] dialect. Prior to the 7th century Islamic Conquest and [[Arabization]] of the Levant, the primary languages spoken in Palestine, among the predominantly [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]] and [[Palestinian Jews|Jewish]] communities, were [[Aramaic]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Syriac language|Syriac]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Robert Bonfil|editor2=Oded Irshai|editor3=Guy G. Stroumsa|editor4=Rina Talgam|title=Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures|year=2011|pages=317, 335, 320|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DNz3y7Wep4C&pg=PA320|isbn=9789004203556|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193736/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DNz3y7Wep4C&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arabic]] was also spoken in some areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scribner's|title=Cyril Mango. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome.|year=1980|pages=13|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/mango.asp|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117102008/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/mango.asp|archive-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Palestinian Arabic, like other variations of the [[Levant]]ine dialect, exhibits substantial influences in [[lexicon]] from Aramaic.<ref name=Greenfieldp158>Greenfield et al., 2001, p. 158.</ref>

Palestinian Arabic has three primary sub-variations, Rural, Urban, and Bedouin, with the pronunciation of the ''Qāf'' serving as a [[shibboleth]] to distinguish between the three main Palestinian sub-dialects: The urban variety notes a [Q] sound, while the rural variety (spoken in the villages around major cities) have a [K] for the [Q]. The Bedouin variety of Palestine (spoken mainly in the southern region and along the Jordan valley) use a [G] instead of [Q].<ref name=Ammon>{{cite book|last=Ammon|first=Ulrich|title=Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 3: An International Handbook of the Science|page=1922|year=2006|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110184181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1922|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193622/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1922#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Barbara McKean Parmenter has noted that the Arabs of Palestine have been credited with the preservation of the original [[place names in Palestine|Semitic place names]] of many sites mentioned in the Bible, as was documented by the American geographer [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] in the 19th century.<ref name=Parmenter11>Parmenter, 1994, p. 11.</ref>

Palestinians who live or work in Israel generally can also speak [[Modern Hebrew]], as do some who live in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

===Education===
{{Main|Education in the State of Palestine|Education in Israel#Arab sector}}
The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the [[United Nations Development Programme]], which is high by international standards. There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men.<ref name=UNDP2014>{{cite web|title=Education (2014)|website=United Nations Development Programme|publisher=United Nations|url=http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311023628/http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.<ref name=UNDP2014/>

Palestinian intellectuals, among them [[May Ziadeh]] and [[Khalil Beidas]], were an integral part of the Arab intelligentsia.{{when|date=January 2017}} Educational levels among Palestinians have traditionally been high. In the 1960s the West Bank had a higher percentage of its adolescent population enrolled in high school education than did Lebanon.<ref>West Bank 44.6% versus 22.8% in Lebanon. See Elias H. Tuma, Haim Darin-Drabkin, ''The Economic case for Palestine,'' London: Croom Helm, 1978, p 48.</ref> [[Claude Cheysson]], France's Minister for Foreign Affairs under the first [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]] Presidency, held in the mid-eighties that, 'even thirty years ago, (Palestinians) probably already had the largest educated elite of all the Arab peoples.'<ref>Interview with Elias Sanbar. Claude Cheysson, "The Right to Self-Determination", ''[[Journal of Palestine Studies]]'', Vol. 16, no. 1 (Autumn 1986), pp. 3–12; p. 3.</ref>

Contributions to Palestinian culture have been made by diaspora figures including [[Edward Said]] and [[Ghada Karmi]], Arab citizens of Israel including [[Emile Habibi]], and Jordanians including [[Ibrahim Nasrallah]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jordanian Poets: Samer Raimouny, Mustafa Wahbi, Haider Mahmoud, Ibrahim Nasrallah|isbn=978-1158408894|last1=Books|first1=General L.L.C|date=June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Pontas>{{cite web|url=http://www.pontas-agency.com/Autors/ENG/Ibrahim_Nasrallah_Ibrahim_Nasrallah_6955.asp |title=Biography Ibrahim Nasrallah |publisher=Pontas literary & film agency |access-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526101818/http://www.pontas-agency.com/Autors/ENG/Ibrahim_Nasrallah_Ibrahim_Nasrallah_6955.asp |archive-date=26 May 2010 }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Secretary Kerry Speaks With Palestinian Youth in Bethlehem (10708795753).jpg|Palestinian students and John Kerry
File:Girls lining up for class - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Palestinian schoolgirls
</gallery>

===Women and family===
{{main|Women in Palestine|Palestinian families}}
In the 19th and early 20th century, there were some well known Palestinian families, which included the [[Khalidi family]], the [[al-Husayni family]], the [[Nashashibi family]], the [[Tuqan family]], the [[Nusaybah family]], [[Qudwa]] family, [[Shawish clan]], [[Shurrab family]], Al-Zaghab family, [[Al-Khalil family]], [[Ridwan dynasty]], Al-Zeitawi family, [[Abu Ghosh clan]], [[Barghouti family]], [[Doghmush clan]], [[Douaihy]] family, [[Hilles clan]], [[Jarrar family]], and the [[Jayyusi family]]. Since various conflicts with Zionists began, some of the communities have subsequently left Palestine. The role of women varies among Palestinians, with both progressive and ultra-conservative opinions existing. Other groups of Palestinians, such as the [[Negev Bedouin]]s or [[Druze]] may no longer self-identify as Palestinian for political reasons.<ref>Second Class: Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools, p 8, 2001</ref>