New Zealand

===Ethnicity and immigration===
{{Main|New Zealanders|Immigration to New Zealand}}
[[File:Queen Street Midtown Auckland.jpg|thumb|Pedestrians on [[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]] in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city|alt=Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts]]

In the [[2018 New Zealand census|2018 census]], 71.8% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 16.5% as [[Māori people|Māori]]. Other major ethnic groups include [[Asian New Zealanders|Asian]] (15.3%) and [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pacific peoples]] (9.0%), two-thirds of whom live in the [[Auckland Region]].{{refn|name="ethnicity"|group=n}}<ref name="Census2018_pdc" /> The population has become more multicultural and diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pool |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Pool |chapter=Population change – Key population trends |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/graph/28720/new-zealand-population-by-ethnicity-1840-2006 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=18 August 2017|date=May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220947/https://teara.govt.nz/en/graph/28720/new-zealand-population-by-ethnicity-1840-2006 |archive-date=18 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

While the [[demonym]] for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "[[Kiwi (nickname)|Kiwi]]" is commonly used both internationally<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dalby |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Dalby |title=The 'Kiwi disease': Geopolitical discourse in Aotearoa/New Zealand and the South Pacific |journal=[[Political Geography (journal)|Political Geography]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=437–456 |doi=10.1016/0962-6298(93)90012-V |date=September 1993}}</ref> and by locals.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Paul |last=Callister |title=Seeking an Ethnic Identity: Is 'New Zealander' a Valid Ethnic Category? |date=2004 |journal=New Zealand Population Review |volume=30 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=5–22 |url=http://panz.rsnz.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/nzpr-vol-30-1and-2_callister.pdf |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090608/http://panz.rsnz.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/nzpr-vol-30-1and-2_callister.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Māori loanword {{lang|mi|[[Pākehā]]}} has been used to refer to [[European New Zealanders|New Zealanders of European descent]], although some reject this name. The word today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.<ref name="Pakeha">{{cite web |url= http://maorinews.com/writings/papers/other/pakeha.htm |title='Pakeha', Its Origin and Meaning |last=Ranford |first=Jodie |quote=Originally the Pakeha were the early European settlers, however, today 'Pakeha' is used to describe any peoples of non-Maori or non-Polynesian heritage. Pakeha is not an ethnicity but rather a way to differentiate between the historical origins of our settlers, the Polynesians and the Europeans, the Maori and the other. |access-date=20 February 2008 |work=Māori News}}</ref>

The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early [[Pākehā settlers|European settlers]]. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the [[White Australia policy]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Trends in international migration: Continuous reporting system on migration |author=Socidad Peruana de Medicina Intensiva (SOPEMI) |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |date=2000 |pages=276–278}}</ref> There was also significant [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Dalmatia]]n,<ref>{{cite book |last=Walrond |first=Carl |chapter=Dalmatians |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=21 September 2007 |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/dalmatians |access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> [[Germany|German]], and [[Italians|Italian]] immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Peoples |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/peoples |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=2 June 2017|date=2005}}</ref><ref name="Immigration history">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Jock |chapter=History of immigration |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=2 June 2017 |date=11 August 2015}}</ref> Net migration increased after the [[World War II|Second World War]]; in the 1970s and 1980s policies on immigration were relaxed, and immigration from Asia was promoted.<ref name="Immigration history" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brawley |first1=Sean |title='No White Policy in NZ': Fact and Fiction in New Zealand's Asian Immigration Record, 1946–1978 |journal=New Zealand Journal of History |date=1993 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=33–36 |url= http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/1993/NZJH_27_1_03.pdf |access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref> In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents.<ref name="Recent immigration">{{cite journal |title=International Migration Outlook: New Zealand 2009/10 |date=2010 |journal=OECD Continuous Reporting System on Migration (SOPEMI) |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |url= http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/sopemi/2009-2010/imo-2009-2010.pdf |access-date=16 April 2011 |issn=1179-5085 |page=2 |via=[[New Zealand Department of Labour]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511071208/http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/sopemi/2009-2010/imo-2009-2010.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> In the 2018 census, 27.4% of people counted were not born in New Zealand, up from 25.2% in the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]]. Over half (52.4%) of New Zealand's overseas-born population lives in the Auckland Region.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8279|title=Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB) |work=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> The United Kingdom remains the largest source of New Zealand's immigrant population, with around a quarter of all overseas-born New Zealanders born there; other major sources of New Zealand's overseas-born population are [[China]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Fiji]] and [[Samoa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights |url= https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=22 July 2020 |date=23 September 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |url-status=dead}}</ref> The number of fee-paying [[international student]]s increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public [[Tertiary education|tertiary institutions]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Andrew |last1=Butcher |first2=Terry |last2=McGrath |title=International Students in New Zealand: Needs and Responses |date=2004 |journal=International Education Journal |volume=5 |issue=4 |url= http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v5n4/butcher/paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120309072621/http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v5n4/butcher/paper.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=19 January 2011}}</ref>