New York City Police Department

==Technology==
In the 1990s the department developed a ''[[CompStat]]'' system of management which has also since been established in other cities. The NYPD has extensive [[crime scene]] investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units that assist with [[Cybercrime|computer crime]] investigations. In 2005, the NYPD established a "Real Time Crime Center" to assist in investigations;<ref name="Schmidt2">Michael S. Schmidt, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/nyregion/18tattoo.html Have a Tattoo or Walk With a Limp? The Police May Know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619132201/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/nyregion/18tattoo.html |date=June 19, 2020 }}, ''New York Times'' (February 18, 2010).</ref> this is essentially a searchable database the pulls information from departmental records, including traffic tickets, court summonses, and previous complaints to reports,<ref>Joseph Goldstein, [https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/if-the-son-of-sam-were-on-the-loose-today/ If Son of Sam Were on the Loose Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215832/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/if-the-son-of-sam-were-on-the-loose-today/ |date=August 5, 2020 }}, ''New York Times'' (March 10, 2011).</ref> as well as arrest reports.<ref name="Schmidt2" /> The database contains files to identify individuals based on tattoos, body marks, teeth, and skin conditions, based on police records.<ref name="Schmidt2" />

NYPD also maintains the [[Domain Awareness System]], a network that provides information and analytics to police, drawn from a variety of sources, including a network of 9,000 publicly and privately owned [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]], [[Automatic number-plate recognition|license plate readers]], [[ShotSpotter]] data, NYPD databases and radiation and chemical sensors.<ref>Ángel Díaz, [https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/new-york-city-police-department-surveillance-technology New York City Police Department Surveillance Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511213753/https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/new-york-city-police-department-surveillance-technology |date=May 11, 2020 }}, Brennan Center for Justice (October 4, 2019).</ref> The Domain Awareness System of surveillance was developed as part of [[Lower Manhattan Security Initiative]] in a partnership between the NYPD and [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/home/POA/pdf/Technology.pdf|title=Developing the NYPD's Information Technology|publisher=New York Police Department|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=August 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818213813/http://home.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/home/POA/pdf/Technology.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It allows the NYPD to track surveillance targets and gain detailed information about them. It also has access to data from at least 2 billion license plate readings, 100 million summonses, 54 million 911 calls, 15 million complaints, 12 million detective reports, 11 million arrests and 2 million warrants. The data from the 9,000 CCTV cameras is kept for 30 days. Text records are searchable. The system is connected to 9,000 video cameras around New York City.<ref name="informs-2017">{{cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=E. S.|last2=Tisch|first2=Jessica|last3=Tasso|first3=Anthony|last4=Joy|first4=Michael|date=February 2017|title=The New York City Police Department's Domain Awareness System|journal=Interfaces|volume=47|issue=1|pages=70–84|doi=10.1287/inte.2016.0860}}</ref>

In 2020, the NYPD deployed a robotic dog, known as Digidog, manufactured by [[Boston Dynamics]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Richardson|first=Kemberly|date=2020-12-11|title=NY Police Department's new robot dog, 'Digidog', is already saving lives|url=https://abc7news.com/8678069/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425144740/https://abc7news.com/8678069/|url-status=live}}</ref> The robotic dog has cameras which send back real-time footage along with lights and two-way communication, and it is able to navigate on its own using artificial intelligence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cramer |first1=Maria |last2=Hauser |first2=Christine |title=Digidog, a Robotic Dog Used by the Police, Stirs Privacy Concerns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog.html |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414021433/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dowd |first1=Trone |title=The NYPD Sent a Creepy Robotic Dog Into a Bronx Apartment Building |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3gjjw/the-nypd-sent-a-creepy-robotic-dog-into-a-bronx-apartment-building |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=[[Vice News]] |date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022536/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3gjjw/the-nypd-sent-a-creepy-robotic-dog-into-a-bronx-apartment-building |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Richardson |first1=Kemberly |title=Exclusive: A look at the NYPD's new robot dog |url=https://abc7ny.com/nypd-robot-dog-digidog-k9-artificial-intelligence/8669769/ |access-date=14 April 2021 |publisher=[[WABC-TV]] |date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022537/https://abc7ny.com/nypd-robot-dog-digidog-k9-artificial-intelligence/8669769/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pix11/> Reaction by locals to Digidog was mixed.<ref name=wired/> Deployment of Digidog led to condemnation from the Surveillance Technology Oversight Project and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] due to privacy concerns.<ref name=pix11/><ref name=wired/> In response to its deployment, a city councilmember has proposed a law banning armed robots; this would not apply to Digidog as Digidog is not armed and Boston Dynamics prohibits arming of its robots.<ref name=wired>{{Cite news|title=A New York Lawmaker Wants to Ban Police Use of Armed Robots|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/new-york-lawmaker-wants-ban-police-armed-robots/ |first1=Sidney |last1=Fussell |date=Mar 18, 2021 |access-date=2021-04-25|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422023514/https://www.wired.com/story/new-york-lawmaker-wants-ban-police-armed-robots/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 24, 2021, U.S. Representative [[Ritchie Torres]] proposed new federal legislation requiring police departments receiving federal funds to report use of surveillance technology to the [[Department of Homeland Security]] and Congress.<ref name=pix11>{{cite web|date=2021-04-24|title=NYPD robotic dog prompts New York Rep. Torres to draft legislation|url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/nypd-robotic-dog-prompts-new-york-rep-torres-to-draft-legislation/ |first1=Allison |last1=Kaden |access-date=2021-04-25|website=PIX11|language=en-US|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425144741/https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/nypd-robotic-dog-prompts-new-york-rep-torres-to-draft-legislation/|url-status=live}}</ref> The NYPD states that the robot is meant for hostage, terrorism, bomb threat, and hazardous material situations, and that it was properly disclosed to the public under current law.<ref name=pix11/> Following continued push back against Digidog, including opposition to the system's $94,000 price tag, the NYPD announced on April 28, 2021 that its lease would be terminated.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zaveri|first=Mihir|date=2021-04-28|title=N.Y.P.D. Robot Dog's Run Is Cut Short After Fierce Backlash|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog-backlash.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-04-29|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429231328/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog-backlash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, Mayor [[Eric Adams]] announced the revival of the Digidog program in a reversal of his predecessor [[Bill de Blasio]], saying "Digidog is out of the pound." Two robots were purchased at that time for a total of $750,000 using funds from [[asset forfeiture]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubinstein |first=Dana |date=2023-04-11 |title=Security Robots. DigiDog. GPS Launchers. Welcome to New York. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/nyregion/nypd-digidog-robot-crime.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>