Montgomery bus boycott Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Aftermath == White backlash against the court victory was quick, brutal, and, in the short term, effective.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Doug |last1=McAdam |s2cid=62832487 |date=December 1983 |title=Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=735β54 |jstor=2095322|doi=10.2307/2095322 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=J. Mills |last=Thornton |title=Dividing Lines:Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma |publisher=University of Alabama Press |year=2006 |pages=111β2}}</ref> Two days after the inauguration of desegregated seating, someone fired a shotgun through the front door of Martin Luther King's home. A day later, on Christmas Eve, white men attacked a black teenager as she exited a bus. Four days after that, two buses were fired upon by snipers. In one sniper incident, a pregnant woman was shot in both legs. On January 10, 1957, bombs destroyed five black churches and the home of Reverend [[Robert Graetz|Robert S. Graetz]], one of the few white Montgomerians who had publicly sided with the MIA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/overview/|title=Overview|website=www.montgomeryboycott.com|access-date=February 13, 2015|archive-date=February 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206213222/http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="udayton999">{{cite journal |first1=Randall |last1=Kennedy |date=April 1989 |title=Martin Luther King's Constitution: A Legal History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=999β1067 |jstor=796572|doi=10.2307/796572 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol98/iss6/1 }}</ref> The City suspended bus service for several weeks on account of the violence. According to legal historian [[Randall Kennedy]], "When the violence subsided and service was restored, many black Montgomerians enjoyed their newly recognized right only abstractly ... In practically every other setting, Montgomery remained overwhelmingly segregated ..."<ref name="udayton999"/> On January 23, a group of [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansmen]] (who would later be charged for the bombings) [[Lynching in the United States|lynched]] a black man, [[Willie Edwards]], on the pretext that he was dating a white woman.<ref>{{cite book |first=J. Mills |last=Thornton |title=Dividing Lines:Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma |publisher=University of Alabama Press |year=2006 |page=94}}</ref> The city's elite moved to strengthen segregation in other areas, and in March 1957 passed an ordinance making it "unlawful for white and colored persons to play together, or, in company with each other ... in any game of cards, dice, dominoes, checkers, pool, billiards, softball, basketball, baseball, football, golf, track, and at swimming pools, beaches, lakes or ponds or any other game or games or athletic contests, either indoors or outdoors."<ref name="udayton999"/> Later in the year, Montgomery police charged seven [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansmen]] with the bombings, but all of the defendants were acquitted. About the same time, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against Martin Luther King's appeal of his "illegal boycott" conviction.<ref>{{cite book |first=Taylor |last=Branch |author-link=Taylor Branch |title=Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1988 |page=[https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame01bran/page/202 202]|title-link=Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963 }}</ref> Rosa Parks left Montgomery due to death threats and employment blacklisting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeanne-theoharis/rosa-parks-100th-birthday_b_2614678.html |first=Jeanne |last=Theoharis |title=10 Things You Don't Know About Rosa Parks |work=Huffington Post |date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> According to [[Charles Silberman]], "by 1963, most Negroes in Montgomery had returned to the old custom of riding in the back of the bus."<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles E. |last=Silberman |title=Crisis in Black and White |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisinblackwh000silb |url-access=registration |publisher=Random House |year=1964 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/crisisinblackwh000silb/page/141 141]β2}}</ref> [[The National Memorial for Peace and Justice]] contains, among other things, a sculpture "dedicated to the women who sustained the Montgomery Bus Boycott", by [[Dana King]], to help illustrate the civil rights period.<ref name=inside>{{cite news|url=https://www.birminghamtimes.com/2018/04/whats-inside-montgomerys-national-peace-museum-and-slave-memorial-opening-april-26/|title=What's inside Montgomery's national peace and slave memorial museum opening April 26|first=Barnett|last=Wright|access-date=April 21, 2018|date=April 19, 2018|newspaper=[[Birmingham Times]]}}</ref> The memorial opened in downtown [[Montgomery, Alabama]] on April 26, 2018.<ref name=EJI>{{Cite web|url=https://museumandmemorial.eji.org/memorial|title=The National Memorial for Peace and Justice|website=Legacy Museum and National Memorial for Peace and Justice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/us/lynching-memorial-alabama.html|title=A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It.|first=Campbell|last=Robertson|date=April 25, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page