Luke the Evangelist Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == References == ===Notes=== {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=martyred?|{{harvnb|Aherne|1910}} notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death}} {{efn|name=Hackett|Luke, was born in [[Antioch]], by profession was a physician.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=12}} He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=335}} }} {{efn|name=Bacci|The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is {{harvnb|Bacci|1998}} }} {{efn|name=Hosten| Father '''H. Hosten''' in his book ''Antiquities'' notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."}} {{efn|name=CraigEhrman2006|Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.{{Harvnb|Craig|Ehrman|2006}} }} {{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion|McGrew's conclusion: historians work with [[methodological naturalism]], which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;{{Harvnb |Flew| 1966|p= 146}} cf. {{Harvnb |Bradley |1874|p= 44}}.}} }} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=catholicsaints.info>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/|title=Saint Luke the Evangelist | work = Catholic saints |date=27 December 2008}}</ref> <ref name=catholicnewsagency.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|title=St. Luke The Evangelist|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> <ref name=ugent.be>{{cite web|title= Evangelist Lucas|url= https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|access-date=2 October 2020| publisher =Ghent University Library}}</ref> <ref name=Tornielli>{{cite web|url= http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|title=The Beloved Physician|last= Tornielli |first=Andrea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607075349/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=Landau>{{cite web|title= Was Luke a Historian?|url= https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|access-date=15 July 2020 |website=Bible odyssey|first= Brent|last=Landau|date=n.d.}}</ref> }} ===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Gospel of Saint Luke|volume=9|last=Aherne|first= Cornelius}} *{{Cite book |last1=Audsley |first1= William |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Handbook of Christian Symbolism |last2= Audsley |first2= George Ashdown |publisher=Day & Son |year=1865 |chapter= VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles}} * {{Cite book |last=Bacci |first= Michele |title=Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca |date=1998 |publisher=Gisem-Ets |location=Pisa |language=it}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|volume=17|wstitle= Luke}} *{{Cite book |last=Bauckham |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title= Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-4674-4680-8}} *{{Cite book |last=Blaiklock |first= E. M. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSNvwEACAAJ |title=The Archaeology of the New Testament |publisher= Zondervan |year=1970}} * {{Cite book |last=Boring |first=M. Eugene |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA556 |title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-66425592-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first= Francis Herbert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |title=The Presuppositions of Critical History |publisher=J. Parker |year=1874 |isbn= 978-0-598-72059-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Brown |first= Raymond Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher= Doubleday |year=1997 |isbn= 978-0-385-24767-2 |author-link= Raymond E. Brown}} *{{Cite book |last=Butler |first= Alban |url= https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/342 |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1991 |publisher=HarperColllins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-069299-5 |editor-last=Walsh |editor-first= Michael |location=New York |author-link= Alban Butler}} *{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Olga |date=21 October 2001 |title=DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status= live}}{{cbignore}} *{{Citation |last1=Craig |first1= William Lane |title=Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? : A debate held at College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts |date=28 March 2006 |url= http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810074856/http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |access-date= 10 August 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |last2= Ehrman |first2=Bart D.}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&pg=PA110 |title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine |publisher= University Press |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-19-534616-9 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first = Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher=University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&pg=PA143 |title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed |publisher=University Press |year= 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John van Antwerp |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA331 |title=The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation : a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |publisher=East European quarterly |year=1975 |isbn= 978-0-914710-03-5}} *{{Cite book |last=Flew |first= Antony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JcV9AAAAMAAJ |title=God & Philosophy |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1966 |location=London}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Epistle to the Hebrews|first=Leopold |last= Fonck|volume=7}} *{{Cite book |last=Hackett |first= Horatio Balch |title=A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles |date=1858 |publisher=Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman & Co. |author-link= Horatio Balch Hackett}} *{{Cite book |last=Harris |first= Stephen L. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC |title=Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference |publisher=Mayfield |year= 1980 |isbn=978-0-87484-472-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Heard |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQwXAAAAIAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=A. & C. Black |year=1950 |chapter= 13: The Acts of the Apostles |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412184041/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557 |archive-date=12 April 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=liFVAAAAYAAJ |title=Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts |publisher=University Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-90-6186-330-4 |location= Leuven}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K9_QsLPsKYMC |title=Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts: Collected Essays |publisher=Peeters |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-429-1750-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Grant |first= Robert McQueen |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2VQJAQAAIAAJ |title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1963 |chapter= 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts |isbn=9780006427063 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |chapter-url= http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230}} *{{Cite journal |last=Grigg |first= Robert |date=1987 |title=Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism |journal=[[Gesta (journal)|Gesta]] |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages=3β9 |doi=10.2307/767073 |jstor=767073|s2cid=191950669 }} *{{Cite book |last=Hemer |first= Colin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPspGyJSteUC |title=The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History |publisher=Mohr |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-16-145451-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first= Luke Timothy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eum1ijxbr6kC&pg=PA474 |title=The Gospel of Luke |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-8146-5805-5 |series=Sacra Pagina}} *{{Cite book |title=San Luca evangelista testimone della fede che unisce. Atti del Congresso internazionale, Padova, 16β21 ottobre 2000 |date=2003 |publisher= Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica Padovana |editor-last=Marin |editor-first=V.T.W. |volume=IβIII |location=Padua |editor-last2=Trolese |editor-first2=F.G.B |language=it}} Documenting an international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of Luke the evangelist, including his relics. *{{cite web |last=McCall |first= Thomas S. |date=March 1996 |title= Was Luke a Gentile? |url= https://www.levitt.com/essays/luke |access-date=19 October 2020 |website= Levitt Letter}} *{{Citation |last=McGrew |first= Timothy |title=Miracles |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/miracles/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year= 2019 |editor-first =Edward N. | editor-last = Zalta |edition=Spring}} *{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/patrologicursus11migngoog#page/n441/mode/2up | series =Patrologia Graeca |date=1901 |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=J.P. |location=Paris | title = Ecclesiasticae Historiae Nicephori Callisti | volume = II | chapter = XLIII}} (In Greek and Latin parallel) *{{Cite book |last=Milligan |first= George |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x5lLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |title=The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History |publisher=Wipf & Stock |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-59752-641-8 |orig-year=1913}} *{{Cite book |last=Mornin |first= Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDwbvgAACAAJ |title=Saints: A Visual Guide |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7112-2606-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Nickle |first= Keith Fullerton |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43 |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-664-22349-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Powell |first= Mark Allan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9jRu8_-GlKMC&pg=PA6 |title=What are They Saying about Luke? |publisher= Paulist Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-0-8091-3111-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Ramsay |first=Sir William Mitchell |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029303760/page/n237/mode/2up |title=The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1915 |author-link= William Mitchell Ramsay}} *{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=E. P. |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |date=1995 |publisher= Penguin}} *{{Cite book |last1=Senior |first1= Donald |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VrmW1eXBILgC&pg=PA328 |title= Invitation to the Gospels |last2= Achtemeier |first2=Paul J. |last3= Karris |first3=Robert J. |publisher= Paulist Press |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-8091-4072-5}} *{{Citation |title=New Outlook |date= 1935 |volume=165 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first= Alfred Emanuel |publisher=Outlook Pub. Co.}} *{{Cite book |last=Strelan |first= Rick |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTdi13weAoC&pg=PA102 |title=Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel |publisher= Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn= 978-1-4094-7788-4}} *{{Cite book |last=von Harnack |first= Adolf |title=Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel |date=1907 |publisher= Williams & Norgate; [[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |series=New Testament Studies | volume = I}} *{{Cite news |last=Wade |first = Nicholas |date=16 October 2001 |title= Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/world/body-of-st-luke-gains-credibility.html}} *{{Cite book |last=Zuffi |first= Stefano |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tL3YeduAk8gC&pg=PA8 |title=Gospel Figures in Art |publisher=Getty Publications |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-89236-727-6 |chapter=The Evangelists and their symbols}} {{refend}} ===Further reading=== {{refbegin}} * [[I. Howard Marshall]]. ''Luke: Historian and Theologian''. Downers Grove, [[Illinois|IL]]: InterVarsity Press. * [[F. F. Bruce]], ''[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103401/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf |date=31 May 2012 }}.'' London: The Tyndale Press, 1942. * Helmut Koester. ''Ancient Christian Gospels''. Harrisburg, [[Pennsylvania|PA]]: Trinity Press International, 1999. * Burton L. Mack. ''Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth''. San Francisco, [[California|CA]]: HarperCollins, 1996. * J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", ''[[Evangelical Quarterly]]'' 63 (1991), 3β44 {{refend}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page