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Do not fill this in! == President of South Africa (2009–2018) == [[File:2009 news seller Capetown 3563345045.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A [[Cape Town]] news vendor displays the headline "Zuma Dawn" on 10 May 2009]]{{Main|Presidency of Jacob Zuma}} The ANC won the national election on 22 April 2009 by a slightly diminished majority of 65.90%, with Zuma having campaigned under the theme "Continuity and Change".<ref name="Landsberg-2012">{{Cite journal|last=Landsberg|first=C.|date=2012|title=Continuity and Change in the Foreign Policies of the Mbeki and Zuma Governments|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ai/article/view/76513|journal=Africa Insight|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=1–16|issn=1995-641X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Booysen|first=Susan|title=The ANC and its pillars of people's power|date=2011|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.18772/12011115423.6|work=The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power|pages=86–125|publisher=Wits University Press|jstor=10.18772/12011115423.6|isbn=978-1-86814-542-3|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> His appointment was [[2009 South African presidential election|formalised by Parliament]] on 6 May, and he was sworn in as president of South Africa on 9 May 2009.<ref name="ioltimeline22"/> === Failure to disclose assets === As president and therefore a member of cabinet, Zuma was required by the government's ethics code to declare his financial interests within 60 days of taking office. In March 2010, nine months after taking office, South African media reported that he had failed to do so. Opposition parties and the ANC's Tripartite Alliance partner COSATU urged Zuma to disclose his interests, and the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) called for an investigation by the [[Public Protector]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 March 2010|title=South Africa opposition call for probe into Jacob Zuma|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8555697.stm|url-status=live|access-date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311213312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8555697.stm|archive-date=11 March 2010}}</ref> ANC spokesperson Brian Sokutu explained that Zuma constituted a "special case" because of his "large family", which complicated the process.<ref name="Sunday Times-2010">{{cite web|date=9 March 2010|title=ANC distances itself from spokesman's statement on Zuma|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article346579.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312080436/http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article346579.ece|archive-date=12 March 2010|access-date=15 September 2010|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> The ANC distanced itself from Sokutu's statement<ref name="Sunday Times-2010" /> and Zuma filed the disclosure later that week.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-03-11|title=Zuma under fire after late declaration|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-under-fire-after-late-declaration-1.475953|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821113237/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1|archive-date=21 August 2010|access-date=15 September 2010|website=Independent Online}}</ref> === Domestic policy === [[File:Zuma Stadium Tour, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Zuma (centre) on a tour of [[Green Point Stadium]] in June 2009, in preparation for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]|left]] ==== Radical economic transformation ==== As a former member of the SACP, Zuma has described himself as a socialist<ref name="mcgreal2" /> and became president with the support of a left-wing coalition.<ref name="mcgreal2" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Wines |first=Michael |date=17 December 2007 |title=Leadership Battle Grips South Africa's Dominant Party |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/17/world/africa/17anc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721071919/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/17/world/africa/17anc.html |archive-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> Analysts have claimed that he has bolstered [[populism]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumede |first=William |date=2019-05-28 |title=How the EFF has shifted SA politics to the left |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Columnists/GuestColumn/how-the-eff-has-shifted-sa-politics-to-the-left-20190528 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ipsos |title=Beyond Populism |date=9 February 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdjhoV8_FBY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310172638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdjhoV8_FBY |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2017, at the tail-end of his presidency, his rhetoric and policy priorities became more leftist under what is known as the "radical economic transformation" (RET) programme of the ANC of this period. Zuma announced the new focus on RET during his February 2017 [[State of the Nation Address (South Africa)|State of the Nation]] address.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merten |first=Marianne |date=2017-06-29 |title=ANC policy, radical economic transformation and ideological proxy battles for control |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-06-29-analysis-anc-policy-radical-economic-transformation-and-ideological-proxy-battles-for-control/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, he explained that RET had been adopted as ANC policy and therefore as government policy, and defined it as a "fundamental change in the structures, systems, institutions and patterns of ownership and control of the economy, in favour of all South Africans, especially the poor".<ref name="Paton-2017">{{Cite web |last=Paton |first=Carol |date=2017-12-07 |title=Foreign investors in energy sector will have to partner with locals, Zuma says |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2017-12-07-foreign-investors-in-energy-sector-will-have-to-partner-with-locals-zuma-says/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> The RET policy was controversial,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Ashwin |date=2018-10-02 |title=The Zuma moment: between tender-based capitalists and radical economic transformation |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2018.1522424 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=499–513 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2018.1522424 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=158520517}}</ref> and some critics claimed that it had popular political appeal but lacked substance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKaiser |first=Eusebius |date=2017-04-21 |title=It's radical economic gibberish |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-21-00-its-radical-economic-gibberish/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Rudin-2017">{{Cite web |last=Rudin |first=Jeff |date=2017-04-25 |title=Zuma's plan for radical economic transformation is just BEE on steroids |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-25-zumas-plan-for-radical-economic-transformation-is-just-bee-on-steriods/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Others claimed that it was used to defend "rent-seeking practices"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhorat |first=Haroon |url=https://pari.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Betrayal-of-the-Promise-25052017.pdf |title=Betrayal of the promise: how South Africa is being stolen |publisher=State Capacity Research Project |year=2017}}</ref> and the influence of the [[Gupta family]] on Zuma's administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-02 |title='Let's embrace radical economic transformation' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-02-00-lets-embrace-radical-economic-transformation/ |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-31 |title=Dot by dot, state capture emerges |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-08-31-00-dot-by-dot-state-capture-emerges/ |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma claimed that critics of his politics were agents of "[[white monopoly capital]]".<ref name="Rudin-2017" /> ==== Economic reform and spending ==== Zuma was inaugurated in South Africa at the height of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|2008 global financial crisis]] and amid South Africa's first [[recession]] since the end of apartheid.<ref name="Shipalana-2017">{{Cite web|last=Shipalana|first=Palesa|date=2017-12-14|title=The good, the bad and the ugly: an economic review of Zuma's presidency|url=https://www.africaportal.org/features/good-bad-and-ugly-economic-review-zumas-presidency/|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=Africa Portal}}</ref> Upon taking office, he established the [[National Planning Commission of South Africa|National Planning Commission]] under the office of the presidency which was chaired by Minister [[Trevor Manuel]]. It was responsible for developing the [[National Development Plan]], which was adopted by Zuma's cabinet in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-04-30|title=Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the appointment of Commissioners to the National Planning Commission|url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/speeches/statement-president-jacob-zuma-appointment-commissioners-national-planning-commission|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=The Presidency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Eythan |date=2013-06-20 |title=The National Development Plan (NDP): the current state of play |url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/hsf-briefs/the-national-development-plan-ndp-the-current-state-of-play |access-date=2022-01-13 |publisher=Helen Suzman Foundation}}</ref> Other major initiatives included the Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme, which was launched in 2011 amid [[South African energy crisis|electricity generation shortfalls]] at state energy utility [[Eskom]], and a R4-trillion National Infrastructure Plan launched in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=Cabinet's five-point plan to address SA electricity woes |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/trending/75760/cabinets-five-point-plan-to-address-sa-electricity-woes/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=BusinessTech |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paton |first=Carol |date=2019-02-18 |title=Forum linked to Zuma lobby groups joins campaign against IPPs |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2019-02-18-forum-linked-to-zuma-lobby-groups-joins-campaign-against-ipps/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Zuma launches national infrastructure plan |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-19-zuma-launches-national-infrastructure-plan/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma expressed support for expanding South Africa's [[Nuclear power in South Africa|nuclear power programme]], particularly for a nuclear deal with Russian nuclear agency [[Rosatom]] which concluded in September 2014 but was ruled unlawful by the [[Western Cape Division|Western Cape High Court]] in 2017.<ref name="Business Day-2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Editorial: SA must stand up against Jacob Zuma's nuclear option |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2019-03-25-editorial-sa-must-stand-up-against-jacob-zumas-nuclear-option/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Maughan-2019">{{Cite web |last=Maughan |first=Karyn |date=2019-03-28 |title=Zuma's nuclear deal: Russian roulette for SA |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2019-03-28-zumas-nuclear-deal-russian-roulette-for-sa/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[File:Встреча Владимира Путина с Президентом ЮАР Джейкобом Зумой 1.jpg|thumb|Zuma greets Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2015]] Zuma's administration pursued a number of structural economic policy reforms, but critics characterised them as "investor-unfriendly",<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /> and most were met significant opposition. His reforms included the increased regulation of [[List of private security companies|private security companies]].<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref name="Mtyala-2015">{{Cite web |last=Mtyala |first=Quinton |date=2015-11-16 |title=Zuma yet to sign security industry bill |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-yet-to-sign-security-industry-bill-1945913 |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher= Independent Online (South Africa) IOL |language=en}}</ref> He also increased the regulation of oil, gas, and minerals resources.<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref name="Harvey-2015">{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=Ross |date=2015-02-09 |title=Will South Africa's Minerals Bill take the road less travelled? |url=https://saiia.org.za/research/will-south-africas-minerals-bill-take-the-road-less-travelled/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=SAIIA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Furthermore Zuma announced a proposal to increase [[Black Economic Empowerment|black economic empowerment]] ownership requirements in mines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phakati |first=Bekezela |date=2017-06-22 |title=Zuma backs new Mining Charter |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/business/2017-06-22-zuma-backs-new-mining-charter/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Nicolson-2017">{{Cite web |last=Nicolson |first=Greg |date=2017-06-26 |title=Chamber of Mines: Mining Charter is 'illegal', 'unconstitutional' and 'stupefying' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-06-26-chamber-of-mines-mining-charter-is-illegal-unconstitutional-and-stupefying/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Zuma advanced a proposal for the introduction of a national [[minimum wage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orderson |first=Crystal |date=2017-02-08 |title=South Africa's presidential frontrunner announces country's first minimum wage |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/843/south-africas-presidential-frontrunner-announces-countrys-first-minimum-wage/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Africa Report |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokone |first=Thabo |date=2017-11-02 |title=National minimum wage to be implemented in May 2018 |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-11-02-national-minimum-wage-of-r3200-per-month-to-be-implemented-in-may-2018/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma was attentive to [[Land reform in South Africa|land reform]] issues throughout his second term, but from 2017 he emphasised his support for land expropriation without compensation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-24 |title=Zuma says government will take land without compensation: report |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/160313/zuma-says-government-will-take-land-without-compensation-report/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=BusinessTech |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Merten-2017">{{Cite web |last=Merten |first=Marianne |date=2017-03-03 |title=Parliament: Zuma calls on ANC to unite with EFF to change the Constitution on land issues |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-03-03-parliament-zuma-calls-on-anc-to-unite-with-eff-to-change-the-constitution-on-land-issues/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2017-03-30 |title=Will Zuma's attempts to Zanufy South Africa backfire? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/will-zumas-attempts-to-zanufy-south-africa-backfire |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> While opening the ANC's [[54th National Conference of the African National Congress|54th National Conference]] in December 2017, he unilaterally announced that [[Higher education in South Africa|higher education]] would be free for students in households whose income was less than [[South African rand|R]]350,000 per year, meeting a central demand of the [[FeesMustFall|#FeesMustFall]] student protests.<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basson |first=Adriaan |date=2021-03-15 |title=Jacob Zuma did not only steal our money; he also stole our dreams |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/adriaanbasson/adriaan-basson-jacob-zuma-did-not-only-steal-our-money-he-also-stole-our-dreams-20210314 |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> South Africa's [[Social welfare programs in South Africa|social grants programme]] expanded under Zuma,<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Thalia |date=2014-06-19 |title=Social grants beneficiaries more than doubled in 10 years |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-19-social-grants-beneficiaries-more-than-double-in-10-years/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> and Zuma was praised for his HIV/AIDS policy which has been credited with increasing [[life expectancy]] in South Africa.<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masombuka |first=Sipho |date=2016-04-14 |title=Step down and salvage your HIV/Aids treatment policy legacy' Zuma advised |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016-04-14-step-down-and-salvage-your-hivaids-treatment-policy-legacy-zuma-advised/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-17 |title=Zuma, the accidental Aids hero |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/zuma-the-accidental-aids-hero-12450157 |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher= Independent Online (South Africa) IOL |language=en}}</ref> However, his critics claim that his policies increased South Africa's debt burden<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-23|title=Budget 2018 is Zuma's costly legacy|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-23-budget-2018-is-zumas-costly-legacy/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Henderson-2018">{{Cite web|last=Henderson|first=Roxanne|date=2018-02-18|title=Counting the cost of the blunders, debt and graft of the Zuma-era|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-02-17-counting-the-cost-of-the-blunders-debt-and-graft-of-the-zuma-era/|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> with the [[Debt-to-GDP ratio|debt-to-GDP]] ratio increasing from 28% at the start of his presidency<ref>{{Cite web|last=Atud|first=Vivian|date=2015-01-14|title=South African Government Debt up 62% Under the Zuma Administration|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/xArchive/Voices/south-african-government-debt-up-62-under-the-zuma-administration-20180719|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> to just over 50% in the week of his resignation.<ref name="Henderson-2018" /> [[Nedbank]], one of South Africa's largest banks, estimates that poor policy decisions, maladministration, and [[corruption]] during Zuma's second term alone cost the South African economy R470 billion (US$33.7 billion).<ref>{{cite web|date=21 February 2019|title=Analysis: Eskom's troubles show everything that's wrong with SA|url=https://www.fin24.com/Budget/analysis-eskoms-troubles-show-everything-thats-wrong-with-sa-20190220|access-date=21 February 2019| publisher=Fin24}}</ref> Contracts with the [[consulting firm]]s [[McKinsey & Company]], [[KPMG]], and [[Deloitte]] were linked to alleged corruption in [[state-owned enterprise]]s. McKinsey & Company eventually reached an agreement with the South African government and paid back R1 Billion (US$67.3 million) for problems relating to work done at [[Eskom]], as well as a company linked to the [[Gupta family]]. In January 2022 the South African government published the findings of an inquiry into [[state capture]] and the consultancy firm [[Bain & Company]] stands accused of helping Zuma to undermine the South African tax authority.<ref>{{Cite book|title= The Big Con: How the Consulting Industry Weakens Our Businesses, Infantilizes Our Governments and Warps Our Economies | author1=Mariana Mazzucato | author2= Rosie Collington |publisher= Penguin Books Limited |year=2023 |isbn= 9781802060270 | pages=}}</ref> === Foreign policy === {{See also|List of international presidential trips made by Jacob Zuma}} Zuma's first state visit as president was to [[Angola]], where he sought to improve relations with the government of President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]], who had had a tense relationship with Mbeki.<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /><ref name="Cilliers-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Cilliers |first=Jakkie |date=2017-06-08 |title=Life beyond BRICS? South Africa's future foreign policy interests |url=https://issafrica.org/research/southern-africa-report/life-beyond-brics-south-africas-future-foreign-policy-interests |journal=Southern Africa Report |publisher=ISS Africa |volume=9}}</ref> His government's [[foreign policy]] emphasised the [[Economic development|developmental]] objectives of African and [[Global North and Global South|Global South]] countries<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /> with a focus on [[economic diplomacy]].<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /><ref name="Cilliers-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2021-08-31 |title=A fit for purpose foreign policy: Dispense with parochial approaches and recognise international opportunities |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-08-31-a-fit-for-purpose-foreign-policy-dispense-with-parochial-approaches-and-recognise-international-opportunities/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> It was also characterised by a pivot towards the [[BRIC]], especially China.<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref name="Mpungose-2018">{{Cite web|last=Mpungose|first=Luanda|date=2018-02-22|title=South Africa's foreign policy under Zuma: towards greater strategic partnerships|url=https://saiia.org.za/research/south-africa-s-foreign-policy-under-zuma-towards-greater-strategic-partnerships/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=SAIIA|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maphaka|first=Dominic|date=2020-12-18|title=A Shift or Priority? An Afrocentric Analysis of Zuma's Foreign Policy towards China|url=https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/strategic_review/article/view/75|journal=The Strategic Review for Southern Africa|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=87–108|doi=10.35293/srsa.v42i2.75|s2cid=234511314|issn=1013-1108|doi-access=free}}</ref> In December 2010, South Africa became a formal member of BRIC, which was then renamed [[BRICS]],<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com">{{cite web|last=Graceffo|first=Antonio|date=21 January 2011|title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard|url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/|archive-date=26 January 2011|access-date=12 January 2022|website=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref> and Zuma attended the group's [[3rd BRICS summit|third summit meeting]] in [[Sanya]], China, in 2011. South Africa's admission followed a concerted campaign for membership and has been described as "a huge diplomatic coup" and "the most important foreign policy achievement of the Zuma administration".<ref name="Cilliers-2017" />[[File:Naoto Kan Barack Obama David Cameron and Jacob Zuma 20100625.jpg|thumb|left|Zuma speaks with [[Barack Obama]] and [[David Cameron]] at a [[Group of Eight|G8]] African Outreach meeting in 2010|240x240px]]During South Africa's tenure on the [[United Nations Security Council]], Zuma's administration was criticised for deviating in its stance on certain foreign regimes, especially in its attitudes towards international intervention in [[Civil war|civil conflicts]]. It voted in favour of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970|Resolution 1970]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|Resolution 1973]] but condemned their use by the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO) as the basis for [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention]] in [[First Libyan Civil War|Libya]].<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-14 |title=Zuma lashes Nato for 'abusing' UN resolutions on Libya |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-14-zuma-lashes-nato-for-abusing-un-resolutions-on-libya/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> It also voted in favour of a 2012 resolution calling for Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] to step down,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Paul |date=2012-02-04 |title=Syria resolution vetoed by Russia and China at United Nations |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/04/assad-obama-resign-un-resolution |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> but established friendly relations with the Assad regime after the [[2014 Syrian presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=al-Sabbagh |first=Hazem |date=23 June 2014 |title=President al-Assad receives congratulatory cable from South African President Zuma |url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=4016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214164805/http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=4016 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2016-06-05 |title=Syrian horrors 'exaggerated', claims Mfeketo |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/syrian-horrors-exaggerated-claims-mfeketo-2030555 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Sunday Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> The administration also appeared to vacillate in its response to the disputed [[2010 Ivorian presidential election|2010 presidential election]] in Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /> ==== Zimbabwe ==== In Zimbabwe, Mbeki had advocated for non-confrontational "quiet diplomacy" as an alternative to the "megaphone diplomacy" used by Western governments that harshly criticised [[Robert Mugabe]]'s regime.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=Alec|date=2008-04-16|title=Mbeki's stance on Zimbabwe under fire|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/364a7e70-0bd3-11dd-9840-0000779fd2ac|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> This approach was controversial, with elements of the ruling alliance calling for a tougher stance against Mugabe and the ruling [[ZANU–PF]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lodge|first=Tom|date=27 October 2004|title=Quiet diplomacy in Zimbabwe: a case study of South Africa in Africa|page=7|work=Paper delivered to the African Studies Centre, [[Leiden]]|url=http://wiserweb.wits.ac.za/PDF%20Files/wirs%20-%20lodge.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910185647/http://wiserweb.wits.ac.za/PDF%20Files/wirs%20-%20lodge.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=Alec|date=2008-04-17|title=Mbeki's 'quiet diplomacy' meets an ever louder response|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ca920680-0ca9-11dd-86df-0000779fd2ac|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alden|first=Chris|date=2002-06-01|title=South Africa's 'Quiet Diplomacy' and the crisis in Zimbabwe|url=https://journals.openedition.org/cea/1341|journal=Cadernos de Estudos Africanos|language=en|issue=2|pages=187–211|doi=10.4000/cea.1341|issn=1645-3794|doi-access=free|hdl=10071/3100|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In a 2006 interview with ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', Zuma had supported quiet diplomacy and said of Mugabe:<blockquote>The Europeans often ignore the fact that Mugabe is very popular among Africans... The people love him. So how can we condemn him? Many in Africa believe that there is a racist aspect to European and American criticism of Mugabe. Millions of blacks died in Angola, the Republic of Congo and Rwanda. A few whites lost their lives in Zimbabwe, unfortunately, and already the West is bent out of shape.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 December 2006|title=The West Is Bent out of Shape|work=Der Spiegel|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,455681,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810212413/https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,455681,00.html|archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref></blockquote> [[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh interacting with the President of South Africa, Mr. Jacob Zuma, at the G-20 Summit, at Pittsburgh, USA on September 25, 2009.jpg|thumb|Zuma and Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] at the 2009 [[G20]] summit]] By December 2007, Zuma was more forthcoming in criticising Zimbabwe's leadership, contrasting his own policy to Mbeki's, and observing that it was "tragic that other world leaders who witness repression pretend it is not happening, or is exaggerated".<ref>{{cite news|date=16 December 2007|title=Zuma blasts Mbeki's Zimbabwe quiet diplomacy|work=[[Zimbabwe Metro]]|url=http://zimbabwemetro.com/2007/12/16/zuma-blasts-mbeki-s-zimbabwe-quiet-diplomacy/|url-status=dead|access-date=18 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217061621/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2007/12/16/zuma-blasts-mbeki-s-zimbabwe-quiet-diplomacy/|archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> He was critical of the Zimbabwean government's behaviour during the disputed [[2008 Zimbabwean general election|March 2008 elections in Zimbabwe]] and called the delays "suspicious".<ref>{{cite news|date=9 April 2008|title=Zuma condemns Zimbabwe poll delay|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7337986.stm|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413062618/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7337986.stm|archive-date=13 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 April 2008|title=ZIMBABWE: Mugabe is losing the region's support|work=IRIN (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=77725|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418064638/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=77725|archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> In a press conference on 24 June he said, "We cannot agree with ZANU-PF. We cannot agree with them on values. We fought for the right of people to vote, we fought for democracy."<ref>{{cite news|date=24 June 2008|title=Zuma: Zimbabwe is out of control|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-06-24-zuma-zimbabwe-is-out-of-control|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704161502/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-06-24-zuma-zimbabwe-is-out-of-control|archive-date=4 July 2008}}</ref> At an ANC dinner in July, he rebuked Mugabe for refusing to step down,<ref>{{cite news|date=9 July 2008|title=Mugabe has overstayed welcome, Zuma|work=The Zimbabwe Times|url=http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=827|url-status=dead|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121213710/http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=827|archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> and in November he said that the [[Southern African Development Community|South African Development Community]] (SADC) should "force" Zimbabwean leaders to reach an agreement, if necessary.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-11-07|title=Zuma says summit must "force" Zimbabwe deal|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-zimbabwe-politics-zuma-idUKTRE4A64XR20081107|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> In 2010, Zuma called for international sanctions against Mugabe and his allies to be lifted.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-03-03|title=S.Africa's Zuma backs end to Zimbabwe sanctions|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-zuma-20100303-idAFJOE62202020100303|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-02|title=Jacob Zuma calls for sanctions on Zimbabwe to be lifted|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/02/jacob-zuma-robert-mugable-sanctions|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> After a March 2013 meeting with Mugabe in [[Pretoria]], he highlighted the commonalities between his and Mugabe's political parties, telling the press, "We share the same values, we went through the same route... We believe that our positions as former liberation movements need to be consolidated."<ref name="Drum-2013">{{Cite web|date=2013-03-08|title=Mugabe visits SA|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/mugabe-visits-sa-20170728|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Drum|publisher=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Despite tensions in later months, as Zuma and SADC attempted to nudge Mugabe towards democratic reforms,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-12|title=Rift between Zanu-PF and SA deepens|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-12-rift-between-zanu-pf-and-sa-deepens/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> the ''[[Business Day (South Africa)|Business Day]]'' reported that relations between the countries remained "cordial" throughout Zuma's presidency.<ref name="Matsabu-2017">{{Cite web|last=Matsabu|first=Tokollo|date=2017-12-20|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa to meet Jacob Zuma in first official visit to SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2017-12-20-emmerson-mnangagwa-to-meet-jacob-zuma-in-first-official-visit-to-sa/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ==== International Criminal Court ==== South Africa hosted the 25th Summit of the AU in [[Johannesburg]] from 7 to 15 June 2015. It was attended by Sudanese president [[Omar al-Bashir]], then a fugitive from the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC), which sought to prosecute him on charges of [[genocide]] and [[crimes against humanity]]. South Africa was a signatory to the [[Rome Statute]], which obliged it to arrest al-Bashir, but instead granted him diplomatic immunity while he attended the summit.<ref name="News24-2015b">{{Cite web|date=2015-06-15|title=Laughter as court told al-Bashir has left|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/Laughter-as-court-told-al-Bashir-has-left-20150615|access-date=2022-01-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> While the matter was being adjudicated by a South African High Court, and just after Judge President [[Dunstan Mlambo]] ordered al-Bashir's arrest, the state's lawyer told the court that he had left the country.<ref name="News24-2015b" /> His plane left from [[Air Force Base Waterkloof|Waterkloof Air Force Base]], presumably with the government's knowledge<ref name="Cilliers-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Onishi|first=Norimitsu|date=2015-06-15|title=Omar al-Bashir, Leaving South Africa, Eludes Arrest Again|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/world/africa/omar-hassan-al-bashir-sudan-south-africa.html|access-date=2022-01-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and reportedly with Zuma's explicit approval.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Qaanitah|date=2015-06-18|title=How Zuma and ministers plotted Omar al-Bashir's escape|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-06-18-how-zuma-and-ministers-plotted-omar-al-bashirs-escape/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> When it was criticised for this breach, the South African government argued that the ICC was used unfairly against African heads of state while failing to hold Western leaders to the same standards.<ref name="Mpungose-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bowcott|first=Owen|date=2015-06-15|title=Sudan president Omar al-Bashir leaves South Africa as court considers arrest|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/15/south-africa-to-fight-omar-al-bashirs-arrest-warrant-sudan|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In 2016, it announced in [[New York City|New York]] that it was withdrawing from the ICC,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Du Plessis|first=Max|date=2017-12-10|title=South Africa's latest threat to withdraw from the ICC, or, How to Squander Leadership|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-12-11-south-africas-latest-threat-to-withdraw-from-the-icc-or-how-to-squander-leadership/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> and Zuma's administration subsequently tabled legislation to effect the withdrawal.<ref name="Fabricius-2019">{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2019-11-15 |title=Is Ramaphosa still kicking the ICC can down the road? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/is-ramaphosa-still-kicking-the-icc-can-down-the-road |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> === Mandela's memorial === [[File:Mandela-Memorial 8175.JPG|thumb|220x220px|A jumbotron shows Zuma entering Mandela's memorial on 10 December 2013]]In a press conference on 5 December 2013, Zuma announced the death of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first democratically elected president.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 December 2013|title=President Jacob Zuma on death of former President Nelson Mandela|url=http://www.gov.za/speeches/view.php?sid=42463|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214114924/http://www.gov.za/speeches/view.php?sid=42463|archive-date=14 February 2014|access-date=8 December 2013|publisher=The Presidency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 December 2013|title=President Jacob Zuma announces the passing of Madiba|work=SABC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ltwj1ftRJ68|url-status=live|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143409/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ltwj1ftRJ68|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The memorial took place on 10 December 2013 at [[FNB Stadium]] near [[Soweto]]. When Zuma entered the stadium parts of the crowd booed him loudly.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2013|title=South African president Jacob Zuma booed at Mandela memorial|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/10508338/South-African-president-Jacob-Zuma-booed-at-Mandela-memorial.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413015424/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/10508338/South-African-president-Jacob-Zuma-booed-at-Mandela-memorial.html|archive-date=13 April 2016|access-date=31 March 2016|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-10|title=South African President Zuma humiliated at Nelson Mandela memorial|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-dec-10-la-fg-wn-nelson-mandela-memorial-jacob-zuma-20131210-story.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ramaphosa and Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] called for discipline,<ref name="Thelwell-2013">{{Cite web|last=Thelwell|first=Emma|date=2013-12-10|title=Mandela memorial: why the crowds booed President Zuma|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/mandela-memorial-why-the-crowds-booed-president-zuma|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Channel 4 News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Mnyanda-2013">{{Cite web|last=Mnyanda|first=Siya|date=2013-12-11|title=Mandela memorial: it's the ANC that's betrayed South Africa, not the booing|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/11/nelson-mandela-anc-jacob-zuma-boo|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> with Ramaphosa telling the crowd in Zulu that the country could address its internal disagreements when foreign dignitaries were not present.<ref name="Grootes-2013">{{Cite web|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|date=2013-12-10|title=Booing Zuma: Is this the turning point?|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-12-10-booing-zuma-is-this-the-turning-point/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Some South African commentators said that the crowd's actions were unexpected,<ref name="Thelwell-2013" /><ref name="Grootes-2013" /> and they were widely linked to the ongoing [[Nkandla homestead|Nkandla scandal]],<ref name="Thelwell-2013" /><ref name="Whitaker-2013">{{Cite web|last=Whitaker|first=Raymond|date=2013-12-10|title=Nelson Mandela memorial: The booing of Jacob Zuma shows that divisions still remain|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nelson-mandela-memorial-the-booing-of-jacob-zuma-shows-that-divisions-still-remain-8996467.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meredith|first=Charlotte|date=2013-12-10|title=Outrage As Jacob Zuma Is Booed At Nelson Mandela Memorial|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/12/10/jacob-zuma-nelson-mandela_n_4417586.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Huffington Post|language=en}}</ref> a draft of the Public Protector's provisional report had been leaked the previous week, or to dissatisfaction with Zuma's administration more generally.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 December 2013|title=The boos for Jacob Zuma represent Mandela's success|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/12/jacob-zuma-nelsonmandelasouthafricaanc.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114100632/http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/12/jacob-zuma-nelsonmandelasouthafricaanc.html|archive-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> Others suggested that the booing reflected frustration with the lack of socioeconomic change under the ANC government since Mandela's presidency,<ref name="Whitaker-2013" /> or that it reflected enduring divisions within the ANC; the crowd also chanted Mbeki's name.<ref name="Grootes-2013" /> In a public statement, the ANC chastised those who had booed, saying they had embarrassed the country.<ref name="Mnyanda-2013" /> The [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] (SABC) was criticised for having cut away from the booing in its live broadcast of the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-11|title=SABC censors footage of Zuma booing at Mandela memorial|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-11-sabc-censors-footage-of-mandela-memorial-zuma-booing/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Re-election === Despite an "Anyone but Zuma" campaign in the run-up to the ANC's [[53rd National Conference of the African National Congress|53rd National Conference]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mthembu|first=Kwazi|date=2012-10-10|title=Collective leadership or ABZ are the options|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/collective-leadership-or-abz-are-the-options-1399785|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-22|title=Nomura calls Mangaung for Zuma|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-22-nomura-calls-mangaung-for-zuma/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma was re-elected ANC president on 18 December 2012, beating Deputy President [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] by a large margin.<ref name="cp2">{{cite news|date=18 December 2012|title=Zuma wins second term|newspaper=City Press|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/zuma-wins-second-term/|url-status=dead|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609021313/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/zuma-wins-second-term/|archive-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> Although in 2008 he had said that he would prefer to serve only one term as president,<ref>{{cite web|last=Monare|first=Moshoeshoe|date=2008-07-28|title=Zuma: I only want one term|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-i-only-want-one-term-409911|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130215915/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-i-only-want-one-term-1.409911#.ULjf3SA7uSo|archive-date=30 November 2012|access-date=30 November 2012|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> Zuma became the ANC's sole presidential candidate in the [[2014 South African general election|2014 national election]]. In January 2014, after he was heckled at Mandela's memorial, the ''Sunday Tribune'' reported that around November 2013, KwaZulu-Natal branches of the ANC had discussed a proposed resolution asking Zuma not to run for a second term as the country's president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olifant|first=Nathi|date=26 January 2014|title=Stand down request for Zuma|work=Sunday Tribune|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/stand-down-request-for-zuma-1637053 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129005016/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/stand-down-request-for-zuma-1.1637053 |archive-date=29 January 2014}}</ref> However, ANC Deputy Secretary General [[Jessie Duarte]] dismissed rumours of disunity in the ANC saying, "The policy is that the president of the ANC is always the candidate for the election. We don't have another candidate and there will be no other candidate."<ref>{{cite news|date=18 January 2014|title=ANC united behind Zuma|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-united-behind-zuma-duarte-1.1633303#.Uts5kWQo7LY|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121041751/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-united-behind-zuma-duarte-1.1633303#.Uts5kWQo7LY|archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> The ANC retained its majority in the national election, and on 21 May 2014, the [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] elected Zuma to a second term as president.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 May 2014|title=Zuma re-elected SA president|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-re-elected-sa-president-1.1691892|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150932/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-re-elected-sa-president-1.1691892|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=18 June 2014|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]}}</ref> === Nkandla homestead === {{Main|Nkandla (homestead)}}{{Further|Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly}}[[File:President Jacob Zuma's Nkandla homestead.jpg|thumb|Zuma's [[Nkandla homestead]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]]]]Zuma began his second term amid ongoing controversy over what were officially security upgrades made with state funds to his [[Nkandla homestead|private homestead]] at Nkandla. Public Protector [[Thuli Madonsela]] investigated, and in late November 2013 her draft report was leaked to the ''Mail & Guardian.''<ref name="mail2">{{cite web|date=29 November 2013|title=Nkandla report: Payback time, Zuma|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-28-payback-time-mr-president|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213180406/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-28-payback-time-mr-president|archive-date=13 December 2013|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> Similar to the final version of the report, titled "Secure in Comfort" and released on 19 March 2014,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ackroyd |first=Bianca |date=19 March 2014 |title=Damning Nkandla report finds Zuma must pay for upgrades |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/damning-nkandla-report-finds-zuma-must-pay-upgrades |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325184419/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/damning-nkandla-report-finds-zuma-must-pay-upgrades |archive-date=25 March 2016 |website=eNCA}}</ref> the draft found that some of the Nkandla upgrades exceeded Zuma's security needs and recommended that Zuma should repay the state.<ref name="mail2"/> The opposition, Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), and DA applied for legal recourse to compel Zuma to follow the recommendations in Madonsela's report, and the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] found in their favour on 31 March 2016. In ''[[Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly|EFF v Speaker; DA v Speaker]]'', the full court agreed that Madonsela's report was binding, meaning Zuma was required to repay the state for some of the Nkandla upgrades and that Zuma had failed to uphold the country's Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thamm|first1=Marianne|date=31 March 2016|title=Nkandla ConCourt ruling: President Zuma and National Assembly in breach of Constitution|work=Daily Maverick|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-03-31-nkandla-concourt-ruling-president-zuma-and-national-assembly-in-breach-of-constitution/#.Vvz5raT5jIW|url-status=live|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402022728/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-03-31-nkandla-concourt-ruling-president-zuma-and-national-assembly-in-breach-of-constitution/#.Vvz5raT5jIW|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> In a public address on 1 April, Zuma welcomed the judgment and apologised to the country,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-01|title=Zuma responds to ConCourt ruling|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/full-text-zuma-responds-to-concourt-ruling-20160401|access-date=2022-01-13|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> though legal academic [[Pierre de Vos]] said that the statement seriously misconstrued the judgment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=De Vos|first=Pierre|date=2016-04-03|title=Truth shall set you free, Mr Zuma|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2016-04-03-truth-shall-set-you-free-mr-zuma/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-05|title=Zuma breached oath of office – De Vos|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/zuma-breached-oath-of-office-de-vos-20160405|access-date=2022-01-13|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> The court's finding that Zuma had failed to uphold the Constitution subsequently provided the basis of an [[Impeachment in South Africa|impeachment]] motion in Parliament, which was sponsored by the DA and defeated by a significant margin.<ref name="BBC News-2016">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-05|title=South Africa's Jacob Zuma survives Nkandla impeachment vote|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35966916|access-date=2022-01-13|website=BBC News}}</ref> However, Zuma faced serious backlash in the aftermath of the Constitutional Court ruling,<ref name="Friedman-2016">{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Steven|date=2016-04-06|title=Courts have done their bit, now it's up to politics|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2016/04/06/courts-have-done-their-bit-now-it-s-up-to-politics|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Matshiqi|first=Aubrey|date=2016-04-05|title=Internal ANC politics will dictate leader's fate|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2016/04/05/internal-anc-politics-will-dictate-leaders-fate|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day}}</ref> including criticism from the SACP,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Magome|first=Mogomotsi|date=2016-04-03|title=SACP not satisfied with Zuma's apology|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sacp-not-satisfied-with-zumas-apology-2004341|access-date=10 April 2016|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]}}</ref> civil society,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thakali|first=Thabiso|date=9 April 2016|title=Go, clerics urge Zuma|url=http://capeargus.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/showarticle.aspx?article=cc32a487-8cec-4f4c-b6db-6aaeee59a99e&key=NmQEgJZ3jfsEr3bTv4dW1w%253d%253d&issue=69852016040900000000001001|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Weekend Argus}}</ref><ref name="Poplak-2016">{{Cite web|last=Poplak|first=Richard|date=2016-04-06|title=Trainspotter: #ZumaMustFall Take Two, this time for real|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-04-07-trainspotter-zumamustfall-take-two-this-time-for-real/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> several ANC stalwarts (including [[Ahmed Kathrada]], [[Ronnie Kasrils]], [[Trevor Manuel]], and [[Cheryl Carolus]]),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-02|title=#AhmedKathrada: What he said in letter to Zuma|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/ahmedkathrada-what-he-said-in-letter-to-zuma-2004231|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|date=2016-04-05|title=Post ConCourt Nkandla ruling bombshell: Trevor Manuel joins the calls for Zuma's resignation|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-04-05-post-concourt-nkandla-ruling-bombshell-trevor-manuel-joins-the-calls-for-zumas-resignation/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Poplak-2016" /> and several active factions of the ANC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Qaanitah|date=12 April 2016|title=ANC Gauteng has resolved that Zuma must resign|url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/04/12/anc-gauteng-has-resolved-that-zuma-must-resign|access-date=12 April 2016|website=Rand Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Letsoalo|first=Matuma|date=2016-04-12|title=Gauteng ANC: Zuma must step down|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-12-gauteng-anc-zumas-apology-is-not-enough/|access-date=12 April 2016|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Magome-2016">{{Cite web |last=Magome |first=Mogomotsi |date=10 April 2016 |title=Zuma's faithful hit back |url=http://sundaytribune.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/showarticle.aspx?article=f71c1794-3a18-4654-93fa-75e88560677d&key=BaGJCMkBU3%252bKnFXU8IFdAw%253d%253d&issue=70532016041000000000001001 |access-date=11 April 2016 |website=Sunday Tribune}}</ref><ref name="Business Day-2016">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-12|title=Zuma like PW Botha, says ANC veteran|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2016/04/12/zuma-like-pw-botha-says-anc-veteran|access-date=12 April 2016|website=Business Day}}</ref> Before the ruling, Zuma had faced and defeated five [[Motion of no confidence|motions of no confidence]] in Parliament, three of which went to a vote.<ref name="Wilkinson-2017">{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Kate |date=2017-06-29 |title=How many motions of no confidence has Zuma faced? |url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/06/29/fact-sheet-how-many-motions-of-no-confidence-has-zuma-faced |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2013-08-27 |title=Concourt dismisses DA appeal to force Zuma 'no confidence' debate |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-27-concourt-dismisses-appeal-to-force-zuma-no-confidence-debate/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-03 |title=Agang SA withdraws motion of no confidence in President Zuma |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/News/agang-sa-withdraws-motion-of-no-confidence-in-president-zuma-20170728 |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the ruling and failed impeachment motion, he faced three more in November 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicolson |first=Greg |date=2016-11-10 |title=No confidence: ANC wins the vote, but Zuma suffers in battle |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-11-10-no-confidence-anc-wins-the-vote-but-zuma-suffers-in-battle/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> August 2017,<ref name="Allison-2017">{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=Simon |date=2017-08-09 |title=Jacob Zuma narrowly survives no-confidence vote in South African parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/08/jacob-zuma-survives-no-confidence-vote-south-african-president |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and February 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winning |first=Alexander |date=2018-02-02 |title=South Africa's Zuma faces new no-confidence vote this month |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-politics-idUSKBN1FM1B5 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> === State capture allegations === {{See also|Zondo Commission|Gupta family}}[[File:Atul_Gupta_protest_banner_-_Cape_Town_Zuma_must_fall.jpg|thumb|Two [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] supporters carry a placard depicting [[Atul Gupta]] at a [[Zuma Must Fall]] protest in [[Cape Town]], April 2017|left]]Zuma's close and allegedly corrupt relationship with the [[Gupta family]], known ANC donors,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Munusamy|first=Ranjeni|date=2013-05-14|title=Guptagate, the ANC and the continuous root of all evil|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-05-15-guptagate-the-anc-and-the-continuous-root-of-all-evil/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> became a major source of discontent both within the ANC<ref name="rdmAllies2">{{cite web|date=1 February 2016|title=Zuma allies 'break ranks' with him over Guptas|url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/01/zuma-allies-break-ranks-with-him-over-guptas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207235926/http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/01/zuma-allies-break-ranks-with-him-over-guptas|archive-date=7 February 2016|access-date=9 February 2016|website=Rand Daily Mail}}</ref> and among the South African public.<ref name="Symbol2">{{cite web|author=Wild, Franz|date=17 December 2015|title=Gupta family seen as symbol of Zuma's failing rule|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2015-12-17-gupta-family-seen-as-symbol-of-zumas-failing-rule/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216032402/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2015/12/17/Gupta-family-seen-as-symbol-of-Zuma%E2%80%99s-failing-rule|archive-date=16 February 2016|access-date=9 February 2016|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]}}</ref><ref name="bbcGupta2">{{cite web|date=14 May 2013|title=Who are the Guptas?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22513410|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318023327/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22513410|archive-date=18 March 2016|access-date=7 February 2016|website=BBC}}</ref><ref name="DMgupta2">{{cite web|author=Munusamy, Ranjeni|date=1 February 2016|title=Keeping Up with the Guptas: What's behind the anti-Saxonwold revolt|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-01-keeping-up-with-the-guptas-whats-behind-the-anti-saxonwold-revolt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204055721/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-01-keeping-up-with-the-guptas-whats-behind-the-anti-saxonwold-revolt/|archive-date=4 February 2016|access-date=9 February 2016|website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> This relationship received widespread public attention in April 2013 when the media reported that the Guptas had landed an [[Airbus A330]] at [[Air Force Base Waterkloof|Waterkloof Air Force Base]] without formal authorisation, but was welcomed by a [[police escort]].<ref name="England-2013">{{Cite news|last=England|first=Andrew|date=2013-05-03|title=South Africa suspends five officials in plane scandal|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/97f2e45e-b3ef-11e2-b5a5-00144feabdc0|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-30|title=Guptas use Waterkloof airforce base as private landing strip|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/guptas-use-waterkloof-airforce-base-private-landing-strip|access-date=2022-01-13|website=eNCA|language=en}}</ref> The political influence of the Guptas was one issue that was thought to have motivated a wave of anti-government protests in October 2015,<ref name="Symbol2" /> and at Zuma's February 2016 State of the Nation address, the EFF coined the phrase "Zupta", a [[portmanteau]] of "Zuma" and "Gupta", when they disrupted the event by repeatedly chanting "Zupta must fall."<ref name="New24Zupta2">{{cite web|date=11 February 2016|title='Zupta must fall' – and EFF walks out|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zupta-must-fall-and-eff-walks-out-20160211|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212084821/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zupta-must-fall-and-eff-walks-out-20160211|archive-date=12 February 2016|access-date=14 February 2016|website=News24}}</ref><ref name="bdayZupta2">{{cite web|last1=Hartley|first1=Wyndham|last2=Marrian|first2=Natasha|date=11 February 2016|title=Chaos as EFF once again delays speech and then stages walkout|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2016/02/11/chaos-as-eff-once-again-delays-speech-and-then-stages-walkout|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215050936/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2016/02/11/chaos-as-eff-once-again-delays-speech-and-then-stages-walkout|archive-date=15 February 2016|access-date=14 February 2016|website=Business Day}}</ref> In March 2016, allegations of [[state capture]] of the Zuma administration by the Gupta family were revived when two ANC politicians, [[Mcebisi Jonas]] and [[Vytjie Mentor]], publicly claimed that the Guptas had offered them cabinet positions.<ref name="England-2016">{{Cite news|last=England|first=Andrew|date=2016-03-16|title=S Africa minister alleges Guptas offered him Treasury chief role|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/76f6b6dc-eb90-11e5-888e-2eadd5fbc4a4|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=England |first=Andrew |date=2016-03-17 |title=Pressure on South Africa's Jacob Zuma grows over Gupta storm |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d1d15888-ec4d-11e5-bb79-2303682345c8 |access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref> The Guptas denied the allegations,<ref name="England-2016" /> as did Zuma who reminded Parliament that only he had the power to appoint ministers.<ref name="N24zumarelationship2">{{cite web|date=23 March 2016|title=Zuma defends relationship with Guptas – report|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zuma-defends-relationship-with-guptas-report-20160323|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328160409/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zuma-defends-relationship-with-guptas-report-20160323|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=30 March 2016|website=News24}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the former [[Director general#South Africa|director-general]] of the [[Government Communication and Information System]], [[Themba Maseko]], told the ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]'' that Zuma had asked him to "help" the Guptas and that the Guptas had subsequently asked him to channel government advertising tenders to their newspaper, the ''[[The New Age (South African newspaper)|New Age]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maromo|first=Jonisayi|date=2016-03-23|title=Leaders weigh in on 'pornographic' levels of state capture in SA|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-03-23-analysts-weigh-in-on-pornographic-levels-of-state-capture-in-sa/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> In mid-March 2016, Madonsela launched an investigation into state capture,<ref name="Thamm-2016">{{Cite web |last=Thamm |first=Marianne |date=2016-07-07 |title=State Capture: Thuli's final quest for the truth – investigating the Guptas' political influence |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-08-state-capture-thulis-final-quest-for-the-truth-investigating-the-guptas-political-influence/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Savides|first=Matthew|date=2016-03-18|title=Public Protector will investigate Gupta family's 'state capture'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2016-03-18-public-protector-will-investigate-gupta-familys-state-capture/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> resulting in a report entitled "State of Capture" in November 2017. The report found ''prima facie'' evidence implicating Zuma and other state officials in various improprieties, including improper relationships with the Gupta family. It also recommended that Zuma should appoint a full [[Public inquiry|commission of inquiry]] into state capture.<ref name="Public Protector-2017">{{Cite book|last=Public Protector South Africa|url=http://www.saflii.org/images/329756472-State-of-Capture.pdf|title=State of Capture (Report No. 6 of 2016/17)|publisher=SAFLII|year=2017}}</ref> Zuma applied to have Madonsela's report overturned in the high court, which dismissed his application and ordered him to appoint a commission. In January 2018, just over a month before he resigned, he established the [[Zondo Commission]].<ref name="The Presidency-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-09|title=Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the establishment of the Commission of Inquiry into State of Capture|url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-president-jacob-zuma-establishment-commission-inquiry-state-capture|access-date=2021-12-13|website=The Presidency|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gous-2018">{{Cite web|last=Gous|first=Nico|date=2018-01-09|title=Zuma appoints commission of inquiry into state capture|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-09-zuma-appoints-commission-of-inquiry-into-state-capture/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Cabinet reshuffles === [[File:Anti-Zuma protest Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Insulting posters at the [[Protests in South Africa|Zuma Must Fall]] protest in [[Cape Town]], 7 April 2017]]Zuma was criticised for a lack of stability in his cabinet. During his two terms in office, he implemented twelve [[cabinet reshuffle]]s, and some of his appointments unsettled [[financial market]]s,<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2017-10-18 |title=Jacob Zuma Is Presiding Over His 12th Cabinet After Tuesday's Shock Reshuffle – Is It A State Of Organised Chaos? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2017/10/17/jacob-zuma-is-presiding-over-his-12th-cabinet-after-tuesdays-shock-reshuffle-is-it-a-state-of-organised-chaos_a_23246216/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Huffington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Onselen |first=Gareth |date=2017-10-17 |title=This is the breakdown of all 12 Jacob Zuma Cabinet reshuffles |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/columnists/2017-10-17-this-is-the-breakdown-of-all-12-jacob-zuma-cabinet-reshuffles/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> such as when Finance Minister [[Nhlanhla Nene]] was replacedwith the little-known backbencher [[David van Rooyen|Des van Rooyen]] in the 9 December 2015 reshuffle.<ref name="NeneRemoved2">{{cite web |author=Letsoalo, Matuma |date=9 December 2015 |title=Nhlanhla Nene removed as finance minister |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-12-09-nhlanhla-nene-removed-as-finance-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109073930/http://mg.co.za/article/2015-12-09-nhlanhla-nene-removed-as-finance-minister |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> The political response was so hostile that van Rooyen was replaced by [[Pravin Gordhan]] after four days in office.<ref name="DemocrativeAccountability2">{{cite web |last=Zibi |first=Songezo |date=22 December 2015 |title=SAA is an invaluable case study for democratic accountability |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2015/12/22/saa-is-an-invaluable-case-study-for-democratic-accountability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224214608/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2015/12/22/saa-is-an-invaluable-case-study-for-democratic-accountability |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=31 December 2015 |website=[[Business Day (South Africa)|Business Day]]}}</ref><ref name="RanjeniMunusamy2">{{cite web |author=Munusamy, Ranjeni |date=14 December 2015 |title=Zuma climbs down, Gordhan takes up SA's rescue mission |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-12-14-zuma-climbs-down-gordhan-takes-up-sas-rescue-mission/#.VovuaPl96Uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109073931/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-12-14-zuma-climbs-down-gordhan-takes-up-sas-rescue-mission/#.VovuaPl96Uk |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=[[The Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> Later, on 31 March 2017, Gordhan was sacked and replaced by [[Malusi Gigaba]]. Gordhan's deputy Jonas, who had alleged corruption by the Guptas a year earlier, was also fired.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 March 2017|title=President Jacob Zuma has fired finance minister Pravin Gordhan|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-30-report-president-jacob-zuma-has-fired-finance-minister-pravin-gordhan|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220417/https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-30-report-president-jacob-zuma-has-fired-finance-minister-pravin-gordhan|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> The reshuffle was criticised by senior ANC leaders including Deputy President Ramaphosa,<ref name="Onishi-2017">{{cite web|last1=Onishi|first1=Norimitsu|last2=Chanmarch|first2=Sewell|date=31 March 2017|title=Firing of South Africa's Finance Minister Widens a Political Rift|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/africa/south-africa-pravin-gordhan-jacob-zuma.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013709/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/africa/south-africa-pravin-gordhan-jacob-zuma.html |archive-date=7 December 2017|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> from the SACP,<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2017|title=ANC MPs shouldn't wait for opposition to act against Zuma – SACP|work=702|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/250971/anc-mps-shouldn-t-wait-for-opposition-to-act-against-zuma-sacp|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407101319/http://www.702.co.za/articles/250971/anc-mps-shouldn-t-wait-for-opposition-to-act-against-zuma-sacp|archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> and from members of the public, who, on 7 April, launched protests against Zuma and his government in several of South Africa's major cities.<ref name="Frassinelli-2017">{{Cite web |last=Frassinelli |first=Pier Paolo |date=2017-04-22 |title=Survey sheds light on who marched against Zuma and why |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-22-survey-sheds-light-on-who-marched-against-zuma-and-why/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Another march on the Union Buildings on 12 April, Zuma's birthday, was organised by a coalition of seven opposition parties. It attracted tens of thousands of protesters and the ''Mail & Guardian'' said that it was "possibly the largest march in post-apartheid history".<ref name="Frassinelli-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cotterill|first=Joseph|date=2017-04-12|title=Thousands join South Africa opposition march urging Zuma to resign|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/cc4bad40-1f97-11e7-b7d3-163f5a7f229c|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> === Succession === ==== Succession as ANC president ==== {{Further|54th National Conference of the African National Congress}} From 2015, Zuma was understood to favour his ex-wife, [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], to succeed him as ANC president and therefore, presumptively, as national president. His critics claimed that he would use his relationship with Dlamini-Zuma to retain control of the ANC and the state, and avoid prosecution on corruption charges.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2016|title=Dlamini-Zuma touted as next president|language=en|work=The Citizen|url=http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1070471/dlamini-zuma-touted-as-next-president/|url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000225/http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1070471/dlamini-zuma-touted-as-next-president/|archive-date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|last=Tau|first=Steven|date=29 April 2017|title=Zuma wants to continue controlling ANC using ex-wife – analyst|language=en|work=The Citizen|url=http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1499467/zumas-scary-third-term-ploy/|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429071309/http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1499467/zumas-scary-third-term-ploy/|archive-date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="du Preez2">{{Cite news|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=2 May 2017|title=Could it be Gerrie Nel vs Jacob Zuma?|work=News24|url=http://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/gerrie-nel-could-be-our-last-hope-to-get-rid-of-zuma-20170502|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502093837/http://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/gerrie-nel-could-be-our-last-hope-to-get-rid-of-zuma-20170502|archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> She campaigned on a platform of economic transformation – so that the pro-Dlamini-Zuma faction became known as the RET faction – while her challenger, Ramaphosa, emphasised anti-corruption.<ref>{{cite web|author=Derrick Spies|date=2017-04-23|title=Ramaphosa 'launches' campaign with attack on Zuma, Guptas|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ramaphosa-launches-campaign-with-attack-on-zuma-guptas-20170423|access-date=2017-06-06|website=News24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-29|title=What NDZ stands for|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-09-29-00-return-our-land-to-the-people-ndz/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> On 18 December 2017, at the ANC's [[54th National Conference of the African National Congress|54th National Conference]], Ramaphosa narrowly beat Dlamini-Zuma in a vote and succeeded Zuma as ANC president.<ref>{{cite web|last=Herman|first=Paul|date=18 December 2017|title=Ramaphosa wins ANC presidency|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-anc-voting-results-expected-20171218|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218170001/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-anc-voting-results-expected-20171218|archive-date=18 December 2017|access-date=13 February 2018|website=News24}}</ref> ==== Resignation ==== Once Ramaphosa replaced Zuma as ANC president, there was growing pressure for the latter to resign from the national presidency. On 6 February 2018, Zuma's annual State of the Nation Address, scheduled for 8 February, was postponed indefinitely "to create room for establishing a much more conducive political atmosphere".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Marrian|first1=Natasha|last2=Magubane|first2=Khulekani|date=6 February 2018|title=State of nation address postponed|work=Business Day|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-02-06-state-of-nation-address-postponed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073305/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-02-06-state-of-nation-address-postponed/|archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> The following week, Ramaphosa and Zuma spent almost five days in talks. On 12 December, when it became clear that the negotiations had failed, the ANC [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] convened an emergency meeting near Pretoria, and, after nearly ten hours of debate, decided that Zuma should be "recalled" by the party if he did not resign voluntarily. Ramaphosa and another senior official reportedly drove to Zuma's home just after midnight to deliver the ultimatum, but Zuma refused, insisting on a three-month notice period or transition period before leaving office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2018-02-13|title=Jacob Zuma defies order from South Africa's ANC to resign|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/12/reports-that-south-africa-president-jacob-zuma-has-resigned-dismissed-by-anc|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> On 13 December, the National Executive Committee publicly announced its intention to recall Zuma.<ref>{{cite web|last1=De Klerk|first1=Aphiwe|last2=Macanda|first2=Siphe|date=13 February 2018|title=ANC confirms it has recalled Jacob Zuma|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-13-anc-confirms-it-has-recalled-jacob-zuma/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213200128/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-13-anc-confirms-it-has-recalled-jacob-zuma/|archive-date=13 February 2018|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> As a party-political body, it formally lacked the authority to remove sitting presidents, though it could instruct the ANC caucus, which controlled Parliament, to remove Zuma through a motion of no confidence if he did not resign at its request.<ref name="Merten-2018">{{Cite web|last=Merten|first=Marianne|date=2018-02-14|title=President's End: While Zuma did resign, Parliament had a plan anyway|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-15-presidents-end-while-zuma-did-resign-parliament-had-a-plan-anyway/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref>[[File:South African President Jacob Zuma in Isfahan 03.jpg|thumb|Zuma and his third wife, Thobeka Madiba-Zuma, during a state visit to the Iranian city of [[Isfahan]] in 2016]] At dawn on 14 February, there was a police raid at the Johannesburg home of the Gupta family, which the [[Hawks (South Africa)|Hawks]] said was related to an investigation into state capture.<ref name="Burke-2018">{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2018-02-14|title=Effort to oust Jacob Zuma turns to option of no-confidence vote|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/14/gupta-family-south-african-police-raid-zuma-anc|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> [[Baleka Mbete]], the [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]], announced that the EFF's motion of no confidence in Zuma had been moved forward in the parliamentary schedule, and that it would now be voted on the following day instead of on 22 February.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-14|title=Speaker Baleka Mbete reschedules motion of no confidence in President Jacob Zuma|url=https://www.gov.za/speeches/speaker-baleka-mbete-reschedules-motion-no-confidence-president-jacob-zuma-14-feb-2018-0000|access-date=2022-01-14|website=South African Government}}</ref> She told journalists that "the recall, most definitely official, is now being implemented by this institution [Parliament]".<ref name="Merten-2018" /> The ANC announced that it planned to support the opposition's motion, which would ensure its passage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2018-02-14|title=Jacob Zuma resigns as South Africa's president on eve of no-confidence vote|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/14/jacob-zuma-resigns-south-africa-president|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, Zuma gave a long live television interview on SABC on 14 February 2018, arguing that he had done nothing wrong and had not been given reasons for his recall.<ref name="Merten-2018" /><ref name="Burke-2018" /> He said that he disagreed with the ANC's decision and was being "victimised".<ref name="Davis-2018">{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Rebecca|date=2018-02-14|title=Jacob Zuma digs in his heels: 'I'm being victimised here'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-14-jacob-zuma-digs-in-his-heels-im-being-victimised-here/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> He also said that if he was dismissed, the ANC could be "plunged in a crisis that I'm sure my comrade leaders will regret".<ref name="Davis-2018" /> According to a later report by ''[[City Press (South Africa)|City Press]]'', during this period elements of the [[South African National Defence Force]] and [[State Security Agency (South Africa)|State Security Agency]] were unsuccessfully lobbied to [[Coup d'état|launch a revolt]] to prevent Zuma's removal.<ref name="news24CityPressCyrilDodgedCoup2">{{Cite news|date=2018-07-22|title=How Ramaphosa 'dodged a coup' – security bosses reveal all|language=en|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/security-bosses-reveal-how-cyril-dodged-a-coup-20180722-2|access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref> On the same day, in a live televised address just before 11 p.m., Zuma announced his immediate resignation.<ref name="Merten-2018"/><ref>{{cite news|date=14 February 2018|title=Time's up: Jacob Zuma has resigned|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-14-zuma-address|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214210738/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-14-zuma-address|archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> In his speech, he said that he accepted the ANC's decision but had asked its leadership to "articulate my transgressions and the reason for its immediate instruction that I vacate office". He claimed that he had earlier had an agreement with the party that if he resigned it would be after "a period of transition".<ref name="Sunday Times-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-15|title='I do not fear exiting political office': Zuma's resignation speech|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-in-full--zumas-resignation-speech/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> He said:<blockquote>Make no mistake, no leader should stay beyond the time determined by the people they serve... No life should be lost in my name and also the ANC should never be divided in my name... I have therefore come to the decision to resign as President of the Republic with immediate effect. Even though I disagree with the decision of the leadership of my organisation, I have always been a disciplined member of the ANC. As I leave I will continue to serve the people of South Africa as well as the ANC, the organisation I have served all my life. I will dedicate all of my energy to work towards the attainment of the policies of our organisation, in particular the radical economic transformation agenda.<ref name="Sunday Times-2018" /></blockquote> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page