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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text====Verbs==== {{Main|Gothic verbs}} The bulk of Gothic verbs follow the type of Indo-European conjugation called '[[thematic stem|thematic]]' because they insert a vowel derived from the reconstructed proto-Indo-European phonemes ''*e'' or ''*o'' between roots and inflexional suffixes. The pattern is also present in Greek and Latin: *Latin – ''leg-i-mus'' ("we read"): root ''leg-'' + thematic vowel ''-i-'' (from ''*o'') + suffix ''-mus''. *Greek – λύ-ο-μεν ("we untie"): root λυ- + thematic vowel -ο- + suffix -μεν. *Gothic – ''nim-a-m'' ("we take"): root ''nim-'' + thematic vowel ''-a-'' (from ''*o'') + suffix ''-m''. The other conjugation, called '[[athematic]]', in which suffixes are added directly to roots, exists only in unproductive vestigial forms in Gothic, just like in Greek and Latin. The most important such instance is [[Indo-European copula|the verb "to be"]], which is athematic in Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and many other Indo-European languages. Gothic verbs are, like nouns and adjectives, divided into strong verbs and weak verbs. Weak verbs are characterised by [[preterite]]s formed by appending the suffixes ''-da'' or ''-ta'', parallel to past participles formed with ''-þ'' / ''-t''. Strong verbs form preterites by [[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]] (the alternating of vowels in their root forms) or by [[reduplication]] (prefixing the root with the first consonant in the root plus ''aí'') but without adding a suffix in either case. This parallels the Greek and Sanskrit [[perfect (grammar)|perfects]]. The dichotomy is still present in modern Germanic languages: * weak verbs ("to have"): ** Gothic: ''haban'', preterite: ''habái'''da''''', past participle: ''habái'''þ'''s''; ** English: ''(to) have'', preterite: ''ha'''d''''', past participle: ''ha'''d'''''; ** German: ''haben'', preterite: ''hat'''te''''', past participle: ''gehab'''t'''''; ** Icelandic: ''hafa'', preterite: ''haf'''ði''''', past participle: ''haf'''t'''''; ** Dutch: ''hebben'', preterite: ''ha'''d''''', past participle: ''geha'''d'''''; ** Swedish: ''ha(va)'', preterite: ''ha'''d'''e'', supine: ''haf'''t'''''; * strong verbs ("to give"): ** Gothic: infinitive: ''g'''i'''ban'', preterite: ''g'''a'''f''; ** English: infinitive: ''(to) g'''i'''ve'', preterite: ''g'''a'''ve''; ** German: infinitive: ''g'''e'''ben'', preterite: ''g'''a'''b''; ** Icelandic: infinitive: ''g'''e'''fa'', preterite: ''g'''a'''f''; ** Dutch: infinitive: ''g'''e'''ven'', preterite: ''g'''a'''f''; ** Swedish: infinitive: ''g'''i'''va'' (''ge''), preterite: ''g'''a'''v''. Verbal conjugation in Gothic have two [[grammatical voice]]s: the active and the medial; three numbers: singular, dual (except in the third person) and plural; two tenses: present and preterite (derived from a former perfect); three [[grammatical mood]]s: [[indicative mood|indicative]], [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]] (from an old [[optative mood|optative]] form) and [[imperative mood|imperative]] as well as three kinds of nominal forms: a present [[infinitive]], a present [[participle]], and a past [[passive voice|passive]]. Not all tenses and persons are represented in all moods and voices, as some conjugations use [[auxiliary verb|auxiliary forms]]. Finally, there are forms called 'preterite-present': the old Indo-European perfect was reinterpreted as present tense. The Gothic word ''wáit'', from the proto-Indo-European ''*woid-h<sub>2</sub>e'' ("to see" in the perfect), corresponds exactly to its Sanskrit cognate ''véda'' and in Greek to ϝοἶδα. Both etymologically should mean "I have seen" (in the perfect sense) but mean "I know" (in the preterite-present meaning). Latin follows the same rule with ''nōuī'' ("I have learned" and "I know"). The preterite-present verbs include ''áigan'' ("to possess") and ''kunnan'' ("to know") among others. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page