Birmingham campaign

===Fire hoses and police dogs===
When Connor realized that the Birmingham jail was full, on May 3 he changed police tactics to keep protesters out of the downtown business area. Another thousand students gathered at the church and left to walk across [[Kelly Ingram Park]] while chanting, "We're going to walk, walk, walk. Freedom&nbsp;... freedom&nbsp;... freedom."<ref name="washpost5-4">
{{cite news
|title=Fire Hoses and Police Dogs Quell Birmingham Segregation Protest
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|date=1963-05-04
|page=1}}</ref> As the demonstrators left the church, police warned them to stop and turn back, "or you'll get wet".<ref name="newsweek5-13"/> When they continued, Connor ordered the city's fire hoses, set at a level that would peel bark off a tree or separate bricks from mortar, to be turned on the children. Boys' shirts were ripped off, and girls were pushed over the tops of cars by the force of the water. When the students crouched or fell, the blasts of water rolled them down the asphalt streets and concrete sidewalks.<ref>McWhorter, pp.&nbsp;370–371.</ref> Connor allowed white spectators to push forward, shouting, "Let those people come forward, sergeant. I want 'em to see the dogs work."<ref name="time63"/>{{efn|name=fn1|''Time'' magazine originally reported that Connor said, "Look at those niggers run!" However, when the ''Time'' reporter was questioned, he admitted he did not hear the statement, which was published in any case by ''Newsweek'' magazine and several newspapers and became one of Connor's "most memorable lines".<ref>McWhorter, p.&nbsp;393.</ref>}}

A.G. Gaston, who was appalled at the idea of using children, was on the phone with white attorney [[David Vann (mayor)|David Vann]] trying to negotiate a resolution to the crisis.  When Gaston looked out the window and saw the children being hit with high-pressure water, he said, "Lawyer Vann, I can't talk to you now or ever. My people are out there fighting for their lives and my freedom. I have to go help them", and hung up the phone.<ref>McWhorter, p.&nbsp;371.</ref> Black parents and adults who were observing cheered on the marching students, but when the hoses were turned on, bystanders began to throw rocks and bottles at the police.  To disperse them, Connor ordered police to use [[German Shepherd]] dogs to keep them in line. James Bevel wove in and out of the crowds warning them, "If any cops get hurt, we're going to lose this fight."<ref name="newsweek5-13"/> At 3&nbsp;pm, the protest was over.  During a kind of [[truce]], protesters went home. Police removed the barricades and re-opened the streets to traffic.<ref name="nyt5-3-63">
{{cite news
|last=Hailey
|first=Foster
|title=Dogs and Hoses Repulse Negroes at Birmingham
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1963-05-04
|page=1}}</ref> That evening King told worried parents in a crowd of a thousand, "Don't worry about your children who are in jail. The eyes of the world are on Birmingham. We're going on in spite of dogs and fire hoses. We've gone too far to turn back now."<ref name="time63">
{{cite magazine
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830260,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308041904/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830260,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=March 8, 2008
|title=Dogs, Kids and Clubs
|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|date=1963-05-10
|access-date=2008-01-29}}</ref>

====Images of the day====
[[File:Birmingham campaign dogs.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=A black and white photograph of a black male teenager being held by his sweater by a Birmingham policeman and being charged by the officer's leashed German Shepherd while another police officer with a dog and a crowd of black bystanders in the background look on|[[Bill Hudson (photographer)|Bill Hudson]]'s image of Parker High School student Walter Gadsden being attacked by dogs was published in ''The New York Times'' on May 4, 1963.]]
The images had a profound effect in Birmingham.  Despite decades of disagreements, when the photos were released, "the black community was instantaneously consolidated behind King", according to David Vann, who would later serve as mayor of Birmingham.<ref name="nyt5-3-63"/><ref>Hampton, p.&nbsp;133.</ref>  Horrified at what the Birmingham police were doing to protect segregation, New York Senator [[Jacob K. Javits]] declared, "the country won't tolerate it", and pressed Congress to pass a civil rights bill.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Javits Denounces Birmingham Police
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1963-05-05
|page=82}}</ref> Similar reactions were reported by Kentucky Senator [[John Sherman Cooper|Sherman Cooper]], and Oregon Senator [[Wayne Morse]], who compared Birmingham to [[South Africa under apartheid]].<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Birmingham's use of dogs assailed
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1963-05-07
|page=32}}</ref> A ''New York Times'' editorial called the behavior of the Birmingham police "a national disgrace."<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Outrage in Alabama
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1963-05-05
|page=200}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' editorialized, "The spectacle in Birmingham&nbsp;... must excite the sympathy of the rest of the country for the decent, just, and reasonable citizens of the community, who have so recently demonstrated at the polls their lack of support for the very policies that have produced the Birmingham riots. The authorities who tried, by these brutal means, to stop the freedom marchers do not speak or act in the name of the enlightened people of the city."<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Violence in Birmingham
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|date=1963-05-05
|page=E5}}</ref> President Kennedy sent Assistant Attorney General [[Burke Marshall]] to Birmingham to help negotiate a truce.  Marshall faced a [[stalemate]] when merchants and protest organizers refused to budge.<ref>Eskew, p.&nbsp;270.</ref>