Berlin

===Nationalities===
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Residents by Citizenship <small>(31 June 2022)</small><ref name="Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/publikationen/stat_berichte/2020/SB_A01-05-00_2019h02_BE.pdf|title=Statistischer Bericht: Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner im Land Berlin am 31. Dezember 2019|trans-title=Statistical Report: Residents in the state of Berlin on 31 December 2019|pages=4, 10, 13, 18–22|website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|access-date=8 April 2020|language=de|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223110544/https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/publikationen/stat_berichte/2020/SB_A01-05-00_2019h02_BE.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Country|| Population
|-
| {{flag|Germany}} || 2,958,786
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 99,421
|-
| {{flag|Poland}} || 53,664
|-
| {{flag|Ukraine}} || 49,280
|-
| {{flag|Syria}} ||44,324
|-
| {{flag|Italy}} ||32,362
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} ||32,170
|-
| {{flag|Russian Federation}} || 30,590
|-
| {{flag|Romania}} || 27,128
|-
| {{flag|India}} || 23,771
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}} || 22,858
|-
| {{flag|USA}}|| 20,990
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}} || 20,567
|-
| {{flag|France}}|| 19,241
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || 17,481
|}

National and international migration into the city has a long history. In 1685, after the revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]] in France, the city responded with the [[Edict of Potsdam]], which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. The [[Greater Berlin Act]] in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin and increased the population from 1.9&nbsp;million to 4&nbsp;million.

Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. Berlin is home to at least 180,000 [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Turks in Germany|Turkish German]] residents,<ref name="Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg-2"/> making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Berlin Became the World's Second Turkish... |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/germany/articles/how-berlin-became-the-worlds-second-turkish-capital |website=Culture Trip |language=en |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823212341/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/germany/articles/how-berlin-became-the-worlds-second-turkish-capital |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s the ''Aussiedlergesetze'' enabled immigration to Germany of some residents from the former [[Soviet Union]]. Today ethnic [[History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from countries of the former Soviet Union make up the largest portion of the Russian-speaking community.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dmitry Bulgakov |url=https://www.russiajournal.com/node/4653 |title=Berlin is speaking Russians' language |publisher=Russiajournal.com |date=11 March 2001 |access-date=10 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406142034/https://www.russiajournal.com/node/4653 |archive-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> The last decade experienced an influx from various Western countries and some African regions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/print-wams/article616463/Berlin_wird_farbiger_Die_Afrikaner_kommen.html |title=Berlin wird farbiger. Die Afrikaner kommen – Nachrichten Welt am Sonntag – Welt Online |language=de |newspaper=Die Welt |date=28 October 2001 |access-date=2 June 2011 |last1=Heilwagen |first1=Oliver |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515022639/https://www.welt.de/print-wams/article616463/Berlin_wird_farbiger_Die_Afrikaner_kommen.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A portion of the African immigrants have settled in the [[Afrikanisches Viertel]].<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 February 2009 |title=Zweites Afrika-Magazin "Afrikanisches Viertel" erschienen Bezirksbürgermeister Dr. Christian Hanke ist Schirmherr |url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-mitte/aktuell/presse/archiv/20090206.1305.119894.html |location=Berlin |publisher=berlin.de |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021050530/https://www.berlin.de/ba-mitte/aktuell/presse/archiv/20090206.1305.119894.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Young Germans, EU-Europeans and Israelis have also settled in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hummus in the Prenzlauer Berg|journal=The Jewish Week|date=12 December 2014|url=https://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/jewish-journeys/hummus-prenzlauer-berg|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230010937/https://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/jewish-journeys/hummus-prenzlauer-berg|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019 there were 777,345 registered residents of foreign nationality and another 542,975 German citizens with a "migration background" ''(Migrationshintergrund, MH)'',<ref name="Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg-2"/> meaning they or one of their parents immigrated to Germany after 1955. Foreign residents of Berlin originate from about 190 countries.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 April 2019|title=457 000 Ausländer aus 190 Staaten in Berlin gemeldet|trans-title=457,000 Foreigners from 190 Countries Registered in Berlin|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article104791484/457-000-Auslaender-aus-190-Staaten-in-Berlin-gemeldet.html|date=5 February 2011|website=[[Berliner Morgenpost]]|language=de|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428201553/https://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article104791484/457-000-Auslaender-aus-190-Staaten-in-Berlin-gemeldet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 48 percent of the residents under the age of 15 have a migration background in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbb-online.de/politik/beitrag/2017/05/migrationshintergrund-berlin-jeder-dritte.html|title=Fast jeder Dritte in Berlin hat einen Migrationshintergrund|website=www.rbb-online.de}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Berlin in 2009 was estimated to have 100,000 to 250,000 unregistered inhabitants.<ref>{{cite news |author=Von Andrea Dernbach |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/deutschland/berlin-will-illegalen-einwanderern-helfen/1452916.html |title=Migration: Berlin will illegalen Einwanderern helfen – Deutschland – Politik – Tagesspiegel |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |publisher=Tagesspiegel.de |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218131251/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/migration-berlin-will-illegalen-einwanderern-helfen/1452916.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Boroughs of Berlin with a significant number of migrants or foreign born population are [[Mitte]], [[Neukölln]] and [[Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg]].<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2016 |newspaper=Junge Freiheit |url=https://jungefreiheit.de/politik/deutschland/2016/zahl-der-auslaender-in-berlin-steigt-auf-rekordhoch/ |title=Zahl der Ausländer in Berlin steigt auf Rekordhoch |language=de |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053354/https://jungefreiheit.de/politik/deutschland/2016/zahl-der-auslaender-in-berlin-steigt-auf-rekordhoch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of Arabic speakers in Berlin could be higher than 150,000. There are at least 40,000 Berliners with Syrian citizenship, third only behind Turkish and Polish citizens. The [[2015 European migrant crisis|2015 refugee crisis]] made Berlin Europe's capital of Arab culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Berlin: Inside Europe's capital of Arab culture |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/berlin-germany-europe-capital-arab-culture |website=Middle East Eye |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027161825/https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/berlin-germany-europe-capital-arab-culture |url-status=live }}</ref> Berlin is among the cities in Germany that have received the biggest amount of refugees after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. As of November 2022, an estimated 85,000 Ukrainian refugees were registered in Berlin,<ref>{{cite news |title=Berlin to create 10,000 extra beds for Ukrainian refugees – DW – 11/20/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-to-create-10000-more-beds-for-ukrainian-refugees/a-63811862 |work=dw.com |language=en |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823063024/https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-to-create-10000-more-beds-for-ukrainian-refugees/a-63811862 |url-status=live }}</ref> making Berlin the most popular destination of Ukrainian refugees in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Survey of Ukrainian War Refugees |url=https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/kurzmeldungen/EN/2022/04/survey-ukraine.html |website=Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community |language=en |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823064914/https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/kurzmeldungen/EN/2022/04/survey-ukraine.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Berlin has a vibrant [[expatriate]] community involving precarious immigrants, illegal immigrants, seasonal workers, and refugees. Therefore, Berlin sustains a broad variety of English-based speakers. Speaking a particular type of English does attract prestige and [[cultural capital]] in Berlin.<ref>{{Cite book | title= English in the German-Speaking World| date= 5 December 2019| isbn= 9781108488099| editor1= Raymond Hickey |publisher= Cambridge University Press | page= 150}}</ref>