Antisemitism in the United States

==Hate crimes==
===Overview===

{{see also|List of antisemitic incidents in the United States|List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States}}
{{Pie chart
|title = Antisemitic vandalism incidents by location
|value1 = 22
|label1 = Private residence
|value2 = 7
|label2 = College campus
|value3 = 11
|label3 = Jewish institution / school
|value4 = 12
|label4 = Non-Jewish school
|value5 = 35
|label5 = Public area
|value6 = 12
|label6 = Private building / area
|value7 = 1
|label7 = Cemetery
}}

In April 2019, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) reported that antisemitism in the U.S. was at "near-historic levels," with 1,879 attacks recorded against individuals and institutions during 2018, "the third-highest year on record since the ADL started tracking such data in the 1970s."<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Semitic Incidents Remained at Near-Historic Levels in 2018; Assaults Against Jews More Than Doubled|url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/anti-semitic-incidents-remained-at-near-historic-levels-in-2018-assaults|website=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref>

This followed data from earlier in the decade which showed a multi-year slide in antisemitism, including a 19% decline in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=ADL Audit: Anti-Semitic Incidents Declined 19 Percent Across the United States in 2013|url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/anti-semitism-usa/adl-audit-anti-semitic-incidents-2013.html|work=ADL|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) organizes [[Uniform Crime Reports]] (UCR) which are designed to collect and evaluate statistics of offenses which are committed in the U.S. In 2014, 1,140 victims of anti-religious [[Hate crime laws in the United States|hate crimes]] were listed, of which 56.8% were motivated by offenders' anti-Jewish biases. 15,494 law enforcement agencies contributed to the UCR analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/latest-hate-crime-statistics-available|title=Latest Hate Crime Statistics Available|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2014/topic-pages/victims_final|title=Victims|website=FBI}}</ref>

According to the [[American Enterprise Institute]], Jews were the most likely of any group, religious or otherwise, to be targeted for hate crimes in the U.S. in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|title=New 2018 FBI data: Jews were 2.7X more likely than blacks, 2.2X more likely than Muslims to be hate crime victims|url=https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/new-2018-fbi-data-jews-were-2-7x-more-likely-than-blacks-2-2x-more-likely-than-muslims-to-be-hate-crime-victim/|website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI|date=14 November 2019}}</ref> 2016,<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 FBI data: Jews were 3X more likely than blacks, 1.5X more likely than Muslims to be hate crime victims|url=https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/2016-fbi-data-jews-were-3x-more-likely-than-blacks-1-5x-more-likely-than-muslims-to-be-a-hate-crime-victim/|website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI|date=13 November 2017}}</ref> and 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/2015-fbi-data-jews-were-nearly-3x-more-likely-than-blacks-1-5x-more-likely-than-muslims-to-be-a-hate-crime-victim/|title=2015 FBI data: Jews were nearly 3X more likely than blacks, 1.5X more likely than Muslims to be a hate crime victim|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Jews were the most targeted in proportion to their population size in 2005,<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|last1=Park|first1=Haeyoun|last2=Mykhyalyshyn|first2=Iaryna|title=L.G.B.T. People Are More Likely to Be Targets of Hate Crimes Than Any Other Minority Group|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/06/16/us/hate-crimes-against-lgbt.html|website=The New York Times|date=16 June 2016}}</ref> and they were the second-most targeted individuals after LGBT individuals in 2014.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Interesting facts of the day on US hate crimes in 2014|url=https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/interesting-facts-of-the-day-on-us-hate-crimes-in-2014/|website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI|date=6 December 2015}}</ref>

The [[NYPD]] reported a 75% increase in the amount of [[swastika]] graffiti between 2016 and 2018, with an uptick observed after the Pittsburgh shooting. Out of 189 hate crimes in [[New York City]] in 2018, 150 featured swastikas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hate crimes in NY: Jews targeted in 2018 more than all other groups combined|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/418047/swastika-graffitti-up-76-since-trump-election-says-nyc-police/|access-date=23 January 2019|publisher=Forward|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> On February 1, 2019, graffiti which read "fucking Jews" was found on the wall of a [[synagogue]] in LA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-Semitic graffiti found on LA synagogue|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/anti-semitic-graffiti-found-on-la-synagogue/|access-date=23 January 2019|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=1 February 2019}}</ref> During [[Hanukkah]] festivities in December 2019, a number of attacks committed in New York were possibly motivated by antisemitism, including a [[2019 Monsey Hanukkah stabbing|mass stabbing in Monsey]].<ref name="guardian-28dec2019">{{cite news|title=Synagogue stabbings: five hurt in Monsey attack, say reports|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/29/synagogue-stabbings-three-hurt-in-monsey-attack-say-reports |access-date=December 28, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 28, 2019}}</ref>

In May 2021, there was an upsurge of violent assaults on Jews in the United States at the same time as the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|Gaza conflict]], according to the Secure Community Network and Network Contagion Research Institute.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kampeas |first1=Ron |title=Antisemitic acts in US soared 80% in a month, Jewish group reports |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/antisemitic-acts-in-us-soared-80-percent-in-a-month-jewish-group-reports-669174 |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>

=== 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting ===
{{Main|Pittsburgh synagogue shooting}}
[[File:Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha synagogue facade.jpg|thumb|People paying their respects at a memorial to the victims of the Tree of Life synagogue]]
The [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]] was a terrorist attack in the form of a [[mass shooting]], which took place at the [[Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Synagogue Life|url=https://www.tolols.org/fullscreen-page/comp-j65rgtsh/8310e407-9e01-4119-a085-587d95f5e327/0/%3Fi%3D0%26p%3D%26s%3D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052641/https://www.tolols.org/fullscreen-page/comp-j65rgtsh/8310e407-9e01-4119-a085-587d95f5e327/0/?i=0&p=&s=|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 31, 2018|publisher=Tree of Life * Or l'Simcha Congregation|access-date=October 27, 2018}}</ref> [[synagogue]] in the [[Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)|Squirrel Hill]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The congregation, along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash, which also worshipped in the building, was attacked during [[Shabbat]] [[Shacharit|morning services]] on October 27, 2018. The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six. It was the deadliest attack ever on the Jewish community in the United States. A lone suspect, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers, was arrested at the scene. In 2023 he was tried in federal court and sentenced to death.<ref>See [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/pittsburgh-synagogue-mass-shooter-robert-bowers-sentenced-death-rcna97942  Julianne McShane and Minyvonne Burke. "Pittsburgh synagogue mass shooter sentenced to death after victims face him in court" ''NBC News'' Aug. 3, 2023.]</ref>

=== 2019 Poway synagogue shooting ===
{{Main|Poway synagogue shooting}}
The '''Poway synagogue shooting''' occurred on April 27, 2019, at [[Chabad of Poway]] synagogue in [[Poway, California]]. It came on the last day of the Jewish [[Passover]] holiday, which fell on a [[Shabbat]]. Armed with an [[AR-15 style rifle]] the gunman, John Earnest, fatally shot one woman and injured three other persons, including the synagogue's rabbi.  A month before the shooting, Earnest had attempted to burn down a mosque in [[Escondido, California|Escondido]].  In September 2021, Earnest was sentenced by a state court to life in prison without the possibility of parole.<ref name="Kimball2019">{{Cite news |last1=Kimball |first1=Spencer |date=2019-04-27 |title='It was a hate crime': One dead, three injured in synagogue shooting in San Diego area |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/27/police-respond-to-reports-of-shooting-at-synagogue-in-san-diego-area.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429200823/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/27/police-respond-to-reports-of-shooting-at-synagogue-in-san-diego-area.html |archive-date=2019-04-29 |access-date=May 5, 2019 |work=[[CNBC]] |publisher= |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2019 Jersey City shooting ===
{{excerpt|2019 Jersey City shooting}}

===2023 Los Angeles shooting===
In February 2023, 28 year-old Jaime Tran shot two Jewish men when they were leaving religious services at two separate synagogues in the same predominantly Jewish neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. According to the police, the victims were carried to a hospital in stable condition. Tran was arrested by police and admitted he shot the men for being Jewish. Tran may be sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Josh |last2=Tucker |first2=Emma |title=Federal prosecutors charge man with 2 hate crimes after allegedly shooting 2 Jewish men in Los Angeles |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/17/us/los-angeles-jewish-shooting-suspect-arrest/index.html |website=CNN|date=17 February 2023 }}</ref>